Groups

1
??????
??????
Groups
Groups
2
????? Group ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????
??????? ?????? ???????? ???? (Baron and Byrne,
2003) ?????? ?? ???????, ??????, ??????, ??????
?????? ????? ????? ???? ????
?????
3

• ?????? ??????
• ?????? Norms ????? ???????? ????????? ????????,
  ???? ?? ???? ??????. ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????,
  ??? ?????.
• ??????? Roles ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????
  ???????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????.
• ????? Status ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????, ???
  ????? ?????? ?????? ??????.
• ?????? Cohesiveness ?? ?????? ?? ??????, ????
  ?????? ?????? ??????.

4
Historical Conception of Group Behavior

• LeBon (1895)
• Isolated, he may be a cultivated individual
  in a crowd, he is a barbarian, that is, a
  creature acting by instinct.
• Floyd Allport (1924)
• The most common current conception is that groups
  possess the power for both good and evil,
  depending on the situation.

5
Social Facilitation???? ??????
Triplett, 1897- ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???
???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????,
????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? (???? ??????? ?????)
1942- ??????????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????,
??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????, ?? ??????
????? ??????
1965- Zajonc- ?????? ?????
?????? ?????? ??????????
???? ????? ?????,
??????? ????? ??????? ?????????
????? ?????? ????? ???????, ?????? ????? ??
????? ?????? ????
6
Social Facilitation Zajonc 1965
?????? ?????!!!
?????? ??????????
?????? ???? ????
?????? ???? ????
????? ?????? ?????????
????? ??????
????? ??????
7
????? Pool ????? ??????? ??????? ? 71 ????????
???? - ?????? 80 ??????? ???. ?????? ???? ?????
???????? ? 36 ???? ???, ?????? 25 ??????? ???
?????.
Michaels et. al. (1982)
8
Figure 8.1 Social Facilitation The Zajonc
Solution
9
???? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????
????, ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????. ????? ???, ???
??????? ????, ??? ??????, ????? ????. ?????????
????, ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????
??????????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????
???? ???? ?????. ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????
?????? ???????. ????????? ????, ?????? ??????
????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????
??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????
10
?????? ????????? ???? ????????
Zajonc- ????? ?? ?????? ??????- mere presence
????? ??? ?? (????? ???? ????? ???
?'????) Cottrel- ??????? ????? ????? ????, ??????
?????? ?????? ????? evaluation
apprehension (??? ???????? ???? ???
???"??? ??????? ??????, ???? ????
?????? ????? ?? ??????, ?? ????
???? ????? ?????? ???) Baron- ??????? ????????
????? Distraction conflict theory
?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????
?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????.
????????? ???? ?? ??? ???????, ??? ??????
?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???'.
(??????? ????? ???? ???, ???? ?????
???????? ???, ??????? ?????? ??????????
??????? ?? ????? ??????)
11
Zajonc, Heingartner and Herman (1969)
??? ??? ???? ??'?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???
????? ????????? ???? ?'???? ??? ?? ?????? ????
??? ???. ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????
??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?'???? ?????. ??????? ???
?????, ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???.
12
DIFFICULT MAZE
EASY MAZE
Audience Boxes
Goal
Goal
Audience Boxes
Start
Floodlight
Start
Fig. 15.3 Two mazes used in experiments on social
facilitation in cockroaches (Zajonc et al., 1969)
Floodlight
13
Cottrell et. al. 1968
??? ??????? ???? ????? ???, ??????? ?????,
???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ????
????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? (???? ?? ???
?????? ????) ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???
??? Cottrell ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????
????? .
14
?????? ?? ???? ??????
?????- ???? ????? ???????
???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????
??????
?????? ???-?????? ?????
15

•  Social Facilitation
• ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????.
• ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????
  ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???,
  ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????
  ?????.
• ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????
  ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? 
• ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ??????.
  ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????
  ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????. ???
  ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????
  ????? ????? ? choking under pressure

16
True or False?
People will cheer louder when they cheer as part
of a group than when they cheer alone.
Answer False Lets see why!
17
Social Loafing???? ??????
????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????, ???? ??
????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???
(Baron and Byrne, 2003)
????? ?????? facilitation effect ????? ??????
????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????. ?????
?????? social loafing ?????? ??? ??????? ?????
?????? ?? ???? ????? ????
18
Social Loafing When Many Produce Less
?????? ????? ???? ????, ?????? ????? ??????
????? ?????? ?? ????? ????. ??????? ????? ??
?????? ??? ???, ??????, ?????? ?? 4 ??????? ?? 6.
??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??
???? ?????
Latane, B., Williams, K., Harking, S. (1979).
19
Latane, Williams, Harkins (1979) Clapping and
shouting
???? ????? ????? 6 ??????, ??? ??? ? 60 ???
?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ???
????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????
20
Social Loafing???? ??????

• ????? ??????
• ????? ?????? diffusion of responsibility
• ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????
• 2. ????? ???? ???????- ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???
  ???? ??????
• 3. ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????
  ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? - ?? ???? ???
  ????? ????, ?????? ???? ????, ??? ????? ??? ????,
  ??- ?? ????? ????, ??????? ???? ???????, ?? ?? ??
  ???? ?? ??
• 4. ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??
  ??? ????? "??????? ??????"?

21

• ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ? Social Loafing
• ?????? ??????????????? ??? ????? (???? ????? ???
  ???? ?? ???)
• ????? ???????? ????????
• ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????
  ??????
• ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????
• ?????? ????? ???? (???? ????? ??? ?????
  ?????????????)

22
Jackson Padgett 1982
?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????, ???? ??????, ????
???? ??????? ?????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?.
?'??? ?. ???? ?. ??? ??'???
Paul
Paul and John
John
23
?????????? ???????
???????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? (??????? ??
??????), ??? ???????, ??????, ?? ????????? ??
?????? ????????.
????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????
?? ?????? ?? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??
???? ?????? inequity. ?????? ?? ??????
??????????. ???? ?? ??? "???? ???".
24
????????? ??????? ?????????
25
????? ????? ??? ?????
Deutsch Krauss (1960)
?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????,
?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????, ?????? ????
????? ??? ?? ???? (???? ???????? ??? ???).
26
??? ???? ?? ???????, ????? ?? ???? ?????????
????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????
???? ?? ???????? ????? ???? 100,000
????. ???? ?? ????????
27
????? ?????? social dilemma
??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????
???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??
??? ???? ????? ?? ??????, ?????? ????? ??????,
?? ?? ???? ????? ??, ?????? ???? ?????

• ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????
• ????? ????? (Prisoners Dilemma)
• ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????
• tragedy of the commons ??????? ????? ??????
• (??????? ???????)
• (Public Goods) ????? ????????

28

• ????? ????? (Prisoners Dilemma)
• ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???
  ???????? (???? ??????? ????) ???? ????? ?????
  (???? ??????? ????)
• ????? ?????? ?????? ???. ???? ?????? ??? ??
  ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????
  ??????.
• ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????
  ????? ???
• ?) ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????
• ?) ?? ?????? ???? (???? ????? ?? ?????)
• ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ????

29
???? ?
????
?? ????
20 ???
10 ????
????
0 ???
10 ????
???? ?
1 ???
0 ???
?? ????
20 ???
1 ???
30
????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????,
??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????
??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????
?????????.
31
????? ?????'

• ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ?????
  ?????? "????" ?? ?????? ????? ????????.
• ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? "??? ?? ?????
  ??????" ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????
• ???, ?? ????? ?????? ???, ?????? ??? ?"?????"
  ????? ???? ?????? (??? ???) ??? ??? ?????.
• ?? ?????? ???? ??? - ????? ????? ?? ???? ?"??????"