AIAG_RFIDWkshpTech_04242001.ppt

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(No Transcript)
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AIAG RFID Workshop Technology April 24, 2001
http//www.autoid.org/presentations/AIAG/RFIDWorks
hop.htm
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Craig K. Harmon President - Q.E.D.
SystemsVisit our web sites http//www.qed.org
http//www.autoid.org

• Standards Development and Data Collection
  Education, Consulting, Systems Design
• Chairman, ANSI NCITS T6 (Radio Frequency
  Identification) - ANSI NCITS 2561999 R2001
• Chairman, ANSI MH 10/SC 8/WG 4 (RFID for
  Returnable Containers) - dpANS MH10.8.4
• Past 2-Term Chairman, U.S. TAG to ISO/IEC JTC
  1/SC 31/WG 2 Data Structure
• Vice-chairman, U.S. TAG to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG
  4 RFID
• Senior Project Editor ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 4/SG
  3 RFID- Air Interface
• JTC 1/SC 31 Liaison Officer to the International
  Telecommunications Union (ITU-R)
• JTC 1/SC 31 Liaison Officer to the European
  Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
• ISO TC 104 (Freight Containers / RFID) Liaison
  Officer to JTC 1/SC 31
• USA Expert and Project Editor to ISO TC 122/WG 4
  7(Package Labeling)
• USA Expert IEC TC 91 (Packaging of Electronic
  Components)
• USA Expert ISO TC 104 (Freight Containers)
• North American Expert to ISO TC 204 (RTTT)
• Chairman Project Editor , ANSI MH10.8.2 (Data
  Application Identifiers)
• Project Editor, ANSI MH10.8.3M (2D Work Group)
• Charter member, AIDC 100
• Vocabulary Rapporteur to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31
• UCC Industrial (ICAC) Shipping Container
  (SCMLC) Committees
• Project Editor, American Trucking Association
  (ATA) ADE Work Group

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What is RFID?

• RFID is an ADC technology that uses
  radio-frequency waves to transfer data between a
  reader and a movable item to identify,
  categorize, locate, track...
• RFID is fast, reliable, and does not require
  physical sight or contact between reader/scanner
  and the tagged item

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What ConstitutesAn RFID System

• One or more RF tags
• Two or more antennas
• One or more interrogators
• One or more host computers

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RFID Primer

• RFID Diagram

Antenna
RF Module
Reader
Host Computer
Note The host is the software database...
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RFID Primer

• RFID Diagram

Antenna
RF Module
Reader
Host Computer
Note The Reader interprets radio frequency into
digital information....
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RFID Primer

• RFID Diagram

Antenna
RF Module
Reader
Host Computer
Note The RF module creates radio frequency (RF).
It receives and transmits RF through the antenna
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RFID Primer

• RFID Diagram

Antenna
RF Module
Tag
Reader
Host Computer
Note Tag (transponder) is interrogated by the
antenna....
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RFID Primer

• RFID Diagram

(Tag ID Communication)
Antenna
RF Module
Tag
Reader
Host Computer
Note The antenna captures the tag ID
numberfirst as analog RF waves, then it is
converted to digital information.
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An RFID Tag Is A Portable Database
Interrogation Unit
Micro
Tag
Antenna
Tx/Rx
Computer
Computer Network

• A sophisticated computing and communications
  device
• A wireless extension of Information Systems

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What is RFID? -- The Tags

• Tags can be read-only or read-write
• Tag memory can be factory or field programmed,
  partitionable, and optionally permanently locked
• Bytes left unlocked can be rewritten over more
  than 100,000 times

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What is RFID? -- The Tags

• Tags can be attached to almost anything
• pallets or cases of product
• vehicles
• company assets or personnel
• items such as apparel, luggage, laundry
• people, livestock, or pets
• high value electronics such as computers, TVs,
  camcorders

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Are All Tags The Same?

• Three Basic Types
• Active
• Battery powered memory, radio circuitry
• Tag transmits radio signal
• High Read Range (300 feet)
• Active Backscatter
• Battery powered memory and circuitry
• Tag reflects radio signal from reader
• Medium Read Range (10 - 50 feet)
• Passive Backscatter
• Reader powered
• Tag reflects radio signal from reader
• Shorter Read Range (4 inches - 15 feet)

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Backscatter Active Tag Operation
RX

• Interrogator maintains CW signal
• Tag modulates diode with baseband signal to
  reflect time slices of CW back to interrogator
• Interrogator receives and demodulates reflected
  signal

Interrogator
Tag
TX
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Are All Tags The Same?

• Variations
• Memory
• Size (16 bits - 512KBytes )
• Read-Only, Read/Write or WORM
• Type EEProm, Antifuse, FeRam
• Arbitration (Anti-collision)
• Ability to read/write one or many tags at a time
• Frequency
• 125KHz - 5.8 GHz
• Physical Dimensions
• Thumbnail to Brick sizes
• Price (0.50 to 250)

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Types of RF Tags
Type
Data Capacity
Write/Read
Program by
Application
EAS
1 bit
read-only
user
Retail Security
SAW
4 to 16 bits
manufacturer
read-only
Proprietary Technology
Inductive
2 to 32 bytes
read-only
manufacturer
License Plate Ignition Key
32 to 2K bytes
user (tag ID may be by manufacturer)
Modulated Backscatter
write/read
Portable Data File
Active/Modulated Backscatter
32 to 2K bytes
write/read
Portable Data File
user (tag ID may be by manufacturer)
2K bytes to 16 Mbytes
write/read interrogate/ modify/read
Dynamic Data File
Active
user (tag ID may be by manufacturer)
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Types of TagsMemory Segmentation

• Read Only (Factory Programmed)
• WORM - Write Once, Read Many times
• Reprogrammable (Field Programmable)
• Read/Write (In-Use Programmable)

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What is RFID? -- The Readers

• Readers (interrogators) can be at a fixed point
  such as
• Entrance/exit
• Point of sale
• Warehouse
• Readers can also be mobile -- tethered,
  hand-held, or wireless

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Transmission Modes

• Inductive (E-Field)
• Electromagnetic (H-Field)
• Narrowband
• Spread Spectrum
• Frequency Hopping
• Direct Sequence

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The Inventor of Spread Spectrum Hedy Lamarr
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RFID PrimerFrequencies
RFID Access Control Animal ID

• Inductive Magnetic
• Field Coupling
• (125 kHz 134 kHz)

Low Freq. EAS
Data Modem
10 kHz
100 kHz
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Advantages

Uses normal CMOS processing basic and
ubiquitous

Relative freedom from regulatory limitations

Well suited for applications requiring reading
small amounts of data at slow speeds and
minimal distances

Penetrates materials well (water, tissue, wood,
aluminum)

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• Disadvantages
• Does not penetrate or transmit around metals
  (iron, steel)
• Handles only small amounts of data
• Slow read speeds
• Large Antennas -- compared to higher frequencies
• Minimal Range

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Disadvantages

Tag construction

is thicker (than 13.56 MHz)

is more expensive (than 13.56 MHz)

more complex (requires more turns of the
induction coil)

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RFID PrimerFrequencies

• Inductive Magnetic
• Field Coupling
• 13.56 MHz
• (Popular Smart Card
• Frequency)

RFID Smart Cards
Mid. Freq. EAS
AM
CB
10 MHz
1 MHz
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13.56 MHz

• Advantages
• Uses normal CMOS processing--basic and ubiquitous
  
• Well suited for applications requiring reading
  small amounts of data and minimal distances
• Penetrates water/tissue well
• Simpler antenna design (fewer turns of the coil)
  lower costs to build
• Higher data rate (than 125 kHz--but slower than
  higher MHz systems)
• Thinner tag construction (than 125 kHz)

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13.56 MHz

• Disadvantages
• Government regulated frequency (U.S. versus
  Europe)
• Does not penetrate or transmit around metals
  (unless very thick)
• Large Antennas (compared to higher frequencies)
• Larger tag size than higher frequencies
• Tag construction requires more than one surface
  to complete a circuit
• Minimal Range

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RFID PrimerFrequencies
RFID Toll Roads

• Electromagnetic Field
• Coupling UHF
• 300 MHz
• (862-928 MHz
• ANSI MH10.8.4 GTAG)

Data Terminal
Cell Phone
1000 MHz
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What is UHF?
Frequency (MHz)
40000
12000
4000
2000
1000
300
30
3
8000
HF
VHF
UHF
L
S
C
X
Ku,K,Ka
UHF
862-928
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400 MHz

Advantages

Effective around metals

Best available frequency for distances of 1m

Tag size smaller than 13.56 MHz

Smaller antennas

Range licensed to 20-40' with reasonable sized
tag (stamp to eraser size)

Good non-line-of-sight communication (except for
conductive, "lossy" materials)

High data rate Large amounts of Data

Controlled read zone (through antenna
directionality)

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400 MHz

Disadvantages

Does not penetrate water/tissue

Regulatory issues (not available in many
countries)

Regulatory issues in Europe (similar band 869
MHz requires dual-freq chip)

DSI III recommends 862 to 870 MHz in the EU, may
not be available elsewhere

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RFID PrimerFrequencies

• Electromagnetic
• Field Coupling
• 2.45 GHz

RFID Item Management
Microwave EAS
2.45 GHz
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2.45 GHz

• Advantages
• Tag size smaller than inductive or UHF (1"x 1/4")
  
• Range greater range thaninductive w/o battery
• More bandwidth than UHF (more frequencies to
  hop)
• Smaller antennas than UHF or inductive
• High data rate

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2.45 GHz

• Advantages
• Good non-line-of-sight communication (except for
  conductive, "lossy" materials)
• Can store large amounts of Data
• Controlled read zone (through antenna
  directionality)
• Effective around metals with tuning/design
  adaptations

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2.45 GHz

• Disadvantages
• More susceptible to electronic noise than UHF
• Shared spectrum with other technologies--microwave
  ovens, RLANS, TV devices, etc.
• Requires non-interfering, "good neighbor"
  tactics like FHSS
• Competitive requirement single chip--highly
  technical limited number of vendors
• Regulatory approvals still "in process"

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RFID PrimerFrequency

• 5.8 GHz
• (European Road Telematics Frequency)
• Advantages
• Less congested band/less interference
• Disadvantages
• Not available in U.S. or many other countries
  (5.9 now in FCC review)
• Must orient antennas carefully
• Range limited (due to scaling issues/wavelengths)
• Chip difficult to build
• Expensive

RFID European Tolls
300 GHz
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RTLS What Is It???

• Some Quotes
• Its Like GPS on a Local Level
• Its RFID on Steroids
• Its a Local Location Network
• Fully Automated Systems That Continually Monitor
  the Locations of Assets and Personnel
• Utilizes Battery-operated Radio Tags and a
  Cellular Locating System to Detect the Presence
  and Location of the Tags
• Ubiquitous Coverage for a Campus or Facility

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Locating vs. Positioning

• Positioning
• Where Am I?
• Provides Your Current Position
• e.g., GPS (Global Positioning system)

• Locating
• Where is ____?
• Provides the Location of Something Else to You
• e.g., ULD Locating System

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Expanding the Decision Support Paradigm
80s
90s
00s
Traditional Transactional Systems
Decision Support Systems
New Mobile Decision Support Systems

• Record Events

Transactional System

• Real Time Data

Decision Support System

• Decisions to Desktops

Network Empowerment

• Decisions to Mobile Managers and Mobile Work
  Force

• Provide Data Input

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Local Area Wireless Locating Technologies

• RFID Localizers
• RTLS
• Time of Flight Ranging Systems
• Amplitude Triangulation Systems
• Differential Time Of Arrival (DTOA)

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How Do RFID Localizer Systems Work?
Reader 1
Reader 7
Reader 4
RS-232
Reader 2
Reader 5
Reader 8
Tag
Tag
RS-232
Reader 3
Reader 6
Reader 9
RS-232

• Tag Blinks High Power, Low Power

RS-232

• Reader Within Range Localizes Tag

Concentrator

• Tag is Within Range of Reader 5

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How Does a Ranging System Work?
0. Tags Awaken Pseudo-Randomly Turn On
Transverter
Antenna
1. Controller sends 2.4 GHz ping to tags
starts clock
2. Tag that is awake encodes identifier on
reflected signal at 5.8 GHz
Tag
3. Cell Controller receives signal from tag,
stops clock
4. Cell Controller determines distance to tag
based on elapsed time between send and
receive
Tag
Tag
Tag
Tag
Tag
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How Do Amplitude Triangulation Systems Work?
Transceiver 1
Transceiver 4
Transceiver 7
Transceiver 2
Transceiver 5
Transceiver 8
RS-485
Transceiver 3
Transceiver 6
Transceiver 9

• Tags Blink
• Transceivers Receiving Strongest Signal
  Approximate Position Based on Relative Signal
  Strength

RS-232
Master Transceiver
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How Does DTOA Locating Work?

• 1. Tag Transmits ID

2. Each Antenna Receives ID and Sends to LP Over
Cable
Location Antenna
Location Antenna
3. LP Determines First Arrival Time for Each
Antenna and Computes Location DifferenceBetween
Arrival Time at Each Antenna (DTOA)
Tag
Location Antenna
Location Antenna
Location Processor
Server
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Vehicle Inventory Management

• Newly Assembled Vehicles Stored in Yard
• Thousands of Vehicles must be Shipped per Day by
  Various Conveyances
• Assembling Shipments is Complex Operation
• Unfound Vehicles Cause Significant Delays
• Delays Cost Manufacturer 5-10/Day/Vehicle
• Vehicles Shipped with Quality Problems Cost
  Thousands of Dollars to Repair After Shipment
• Incomplete Loads Require Additional Transports
• RTLS 802.11 Empower Mobile Real Time Decisions
• RTLS Speeds Finding Vehicles
• Vehicles are Checked Real Time for ship/hold
  status Using 802.11 Wireless Network
• RTLS Identifies Vehicles in Overflow Yards
• Loaded Vehicles Status is Verified

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Manufacturing Management

• Features
• Real-time Visibility of All W-I-P on Site
• Current Location
• Location History and Trace-ability
• Automate Receive, Put-away, Pick and Ship
• Status Information

• Benefits
• Reduced Material Handling Costs
• Reduced Expediting Costs
• Reduced Obsolete Inventory
• No Line Switchovers

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ULD Tracking at Airports
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Ground Support Equipment Tracking
fmc

• Locate GSE Instantly
• Monitor Utilization and Status Via Telemetry
• On Time
• Oil Pressure, Battery Level, etc

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Yard Management

• Distribution, Manufacturing and Shipping Yards
• Features
• Real-time visibility of all trailers on site
• Current location
• Location history and trace-ability
• Visual client alerts
• Trailer status information

• Benefits
• Eliminate Yard Checks
• Improved yard operations
• Throughput - Utilization
• Reduced spoilage
• Reduced demurrage fees
• Payback
• Less than 12 months

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Wireless Kan-Ban with Locate

• Wireless Pendants
• Wired Pendants Cost 1,000 per Station
• Wireless Version Costs Less Than Half, Complete
  with Wireless Infrastructure
• No Cost to Relocate
• Mounted in Difficult Places

• Infrastructure Shared withOther RTLS
  Applications
• Locate Capability Supports Nomadic Manufacturing

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Location Networks

• Providing New Levels of Visibility
• Creating Mobile Decision Support Networks
• Empowering Mobile Management
• Increasing Material Flow Velocity
• Providing New Levels Of Personal Security and
  Convenience

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How to Evaluate Your Needs

• Identify hardware requirements
• What will be identified, tracked, located
• What read distance and field of view (FoV) is
  required
• How many tags in the FoV at the same time
• What amount and type of data will be stored
• Must data be updated
• Will tags be moving and how fast
• What are limits on tag size, shape, and
  orientation
• Will tags be disposable or reused
• Will tags be operating in cold, wet, dirty, hot,
  steamy, muddy, dusty environment
• What are regulatory constraints in the nation(s)
  of use

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How to Evaluate Your Needs

• Identify software requirements
• Will the new RFID solution integrate with legacy
  system software and solutions
• Must new interface software be developed
• What type of data formats must be supported
• What communications protocols must be supported
• How must the current software change to
  accommodate the advantages of write technology?
  
• Build synergies by expanding software to add RFID
  capabilities to current solutions

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How to Evaluate Your Needs

• Determine if RFID meets the need and if
  implementation is economically viable
• Can it help improve efficiency
• Can it help improve productivity
• Can it reduce operating costs
• Can it reduce labor costs
• What is the infrastructure installation cost
• What are the recurring costs associated with the
  solution
• Do the investment and variable costs of the
  solution meet the customers business model

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How to Evaluate Your Needs

• Identify system requirements
• Are there security needs
• What are the future needs of the system
  infrastructure (expandability)
• Is an open system required (will trading partners
  share data on the tags)
• Choose a technology to fit the need
• Choose a reputable company
• Research the recommended solution
  (standardized product?)

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???
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THANK YOU!!
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