Five Major Ways of Getting Food

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Five Major Ways of Getting Food

• Food collection involves collecting wild
  vegetation, hunting animals and fishing.
• Horticulture is plant cultivation using only
  simple tools and human power.
• Pastoralism is keeping domesticated animals and
  using their products for food.
• Agriculture uses animal and mechanical power and
  technologies, like irrigation, in horticulture.
• Industrialization is the production of food using
  complex machinery.

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Food Collecting

• People have been food collectors for the majority
  of time they have been on the earth.
• Generalizations about food-collecting societies
• They have low population densities.
• Society is nomadic or semi nomadic rather than
  sedentary.
• The basic social unit is the family, or band, a
  loose federation of families.
• Occupy remote and marginally useful areas of the
  world.

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Food Producing Societies

• Humans didnt procure food through horticulture
  or agriculture until the Neolithic revolution,
  10,000 years ago.
• Changes resulting from food production
• Population increased.
• Societies became more sedentary.
• Stimulated a division of labor.
• Drop in life expectancy.
• Increase in social inequality, poverty, crime,
  war and environmental degradation.

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Horticulture

• Simplest form of farming using only basic hand
  tools.
• Produces low yields without sufficient surpluses
  for market systems.
• Shifting cultivation (slash and burn) involves
  clearing the land, burning it and planting in the
  burned area. Land is usually depleted within a
  year or two.

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Principal Regions of Horticulture at Contact
Period
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Pastoralism

• Pastoralism is found in areas of the world that
  cannot support agriculture due to terrain, soils,
  or rainfall.
• Movement Patterns
• With transhumance, some of the men move the
  livestock seasonally while women, children and
  other men remain in permanent settlements.
• With nomadism the whole social unit moves the
  livestock to new pastures.

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Principal Regions of Pastoralism at Contact Period
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Pastoralism in Southeastern Iran
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Agriculture

• Technologies such as irrigation, fertilization
  and mechanical equipment are used to produce high
  yields and support large populations.
• Labor intensive and and requires high capital
  investment.
• Associated with settled communities, higher
  levels of labor specialization and more social
  stratification.

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Ancient Civilizations
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Principal Regions of Intensive Agriculture at
Contact Period
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Musha An Egyptian Village and Intensive
Agriculture
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Industrialization

• Industrialization relies on high levels of
  technology, a mobile labor force and a complex
  system of markets.
• Has revolutionized agriculture, as well as other
  areas of food production. (Fishing, ranching).
• Increased productivity but also responsible for
  considerable environmental destruction.