Implementing, Configuring, and Troubleshooting Networking Problems

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Chapter 2

• Implementing, Configuring, and Troubleshooting
  Networking Problems

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Learning Objectives

• Describe the history of the TCP/IP protocol stack
• Identify TCP/IP addresses, classes, and subnet
  masks
• Create a subnetting scheme for a given TCP/IP
  network address
• Define and assign static and dynamic TCP/IP
  addresses to Windows 2000 machines

continued
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Learning Objectives

• Establish TCP/IP packet filtering
• Troubleshoot TCP/IP using command-line tools
• Describe the IPX/SPX protocol stack and frame
  types
• Install and configure NWLink IPX/SPX
• Optimize networking protocol bindings

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Protocol Stack

• Group of protocols that work together to complete
  the network communication process
• Two most common protocol stacks
• TCP/IP
• IPX/SPX

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Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

• TCP
• Transport layer protocol in the TCP/IP protocol
  stack
• Connection-oriented and reliable
• Provides guaranteed delivery
• IP
• Connectionless, best-effort delivery protocol in
  the TCP/IP protocol stack
• Handles routing of data and logical addressing
  with IP addresses

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TCP/IP

• Runs majority of all major networks
• Created before the OSI model
• Does not follow the seven-layer model
• Does use a four-layer model that is related to
  the OSI model

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TCP/IP Versus OSI Model
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TCP/IP Architecture
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Protocols within theTCP/IP Model

• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Allows TCP/IP hosts to exchange files between one
  another
• Uses TCP as its transport protocol
  connection-oriented and reliable
• Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
• Allows hosts to exchange files between one
  another
• Uses UDP as its transport protocol
  connectionless and unreliable

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Protocols within the TCP/IP Model

• Telnet
• Allows a host to log into a remote system and run
  applications and processes on the remote system
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
• The basis for all Internet mail
• Provides mail delivery services for the TCP/IP
  protocol stack

continued
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Protocols within theTCP/IP Model

• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• Connection-oriented and reliable
• Sacrifices speed to ensure reliable, error-free
  transmission of data
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
• Connectionless, unreliable
• Stresses speed over reliability

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Protocols within theTCP/IP Model

• Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
• Handles communication error messages
• Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
• Provides functionality for multicasting
• Internet Protocol (IP)
• Connectionless, layer three protocol
• Determines proper routing within multiple networks

continued
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Protocols within theTCP/IP Model

• Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
• Maps a known IP address to a Media Access Control
  (MAC) layer address
• Local area network (LAN) and wide area network
  (WAN) technologies
• Nearly all work with TCP/IP

continued
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Protocols within theTCP/IP Model

• Connection-oriented protocols
• Guarantee that packets arrive intact, in
  sequence, and without errors
• Sacrifice speed for reliability
• Connectionless protocols
• Send packets without regard for guaranteed
  delivery
• Sacrifice reliability for speed

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TCP/IP Addressing

• IP addresses
• Consist of 32 bits normally expressed either as
  four binary octets separated by periods or as
  four sets of decimal numbers separated by periods
• Example of binary octets 11000000.10101000.00001
  100.00001000
• Example of dotted decimal 192.168.12.8
• Contain a network ID and a host ID

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TCP/IP Classes

• Five different classes of IP addresses
• First three reserve a certain portion of the 32
  bits available for the network ID and the host ID
• Last two are used in special situations only

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TCP/IP Classes
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Subnet Masks

• 32-bit numbers used to determine the portion of
  an IP address that represents the network ID and
  the host ID
• Place a 1 in bit positions that correspond to
  network ID bits and a zero in bits that represent
  host ID bits
• The host can perform a logical AND function to
  determine if a destination IP address is on a
  local network or a remote network

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Subnet Masks
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Subnetting

• Process of borrowing host bits to increase the
  number of network bits
• Allows administrators to better utilize IP
  networks that are either assigned to them from
  the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) or
  that they decide to use from the public address
  space defined by Request for Comments (RFC) 1918

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Subnetting Steps

• Determine number of subnets needed
• Determine number of bits you can borrow

continued
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Subnetting Steps

• Determine number of bits you must borrow to get
  needed number of subnets
• Turn on borrowed bits and determine decimal value
• Determine new subnet mask
• Find host/subnet variable
• Determine range of addresses

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Methods for Assigning IP Addresses

• Static assignment
• Manually assign an IP address to a host
• Dynamic assignment
• Configure a host to obtain an IP address
  automatically using DHCP (Dynamic Host
  Configuration Protocol)

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Static IP Addresses

• Most work-intensive method
• Manual configuration of IP address at each
  machine
• Manual configuration of DNS settings
• Allows greatest control over address assignment

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Assigning Static IP Addresses

• Access the properties for your local area
  connections

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Assigning Static IP Addresses
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Assigning Static IP Addresses

• Click Internet Protocol and click the Properties
  button

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Assigning Static IP Addresses
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Assigning Static IP Addresses

• Click the Use the following IP address radio
  button

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Assigning Static IP Addresses
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Assigning Static IP Addresses
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Dynamic IP Addresses

• Much less labor intensive
• Saves time
• Requires an installed and properly configured
  DHCP server on the network

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Configuring a DynamicIP Address
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TCP/IP Packet Filtering

• Allows control of the types of incoming IP
  traffic that all network interface cards in a
  machine will process
• Windows 2000 provides rudimentary packet
  filtering that is usually only implemented if no
  other type of packet filtering is utilized

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TCP/IP Packet Filtering
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TCP/IP Packet Filtering
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Troubleshooting TCP/IP

• Command-line tools included in Windows 2000
• ipconfig
• ping (Packet Internet Groper)
• tracert (trace route)
• netstat
• nbtstat
• netdiag
• pathping

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Troubleshooting TCP/IP

• Run ipconfig /all
• Ping the loopback to find out if TCP/IP has been
  loaded
• Ping the local IP address
• Ping a host on the same network
• Ping a remote host

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ipconfig

• Verifies IP settings
• Most used command line switches
• ipconfig /all
• ipconfig /release
• ipconfig /renew
• ipconfig /registerdns

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ping

• Test connectivity with remote hosts
• Has many command line switches (eg, -t, -l)

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tracert

• Tests and displays the path between two TCP/IP
  hosts on the same network or different networks

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Output from tracert Command
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netstat

• Displays a list of current TCP/IP connections

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nbtstat

• Checks NetBIOS over TCP/IP configurations and
  settings

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netdiag

• Gives administrators access to a wealth of
  information about current network configurations
  of a machine
• Has many switches (eg, /fix)

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pathping

• Combines the best of tracert with ping, providing
  detailed statistics about the connection between
  two hosts

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IPX/SPX

• IPX/SPX Internetwork Packet eXchange/Sequenced
  Packet eXchange
• Uses an 80-bit address format consisting of a
  network.node format
• Example 200.0020.7811.4a62
• Supports four frame types

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Novell Supported Frame Types
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IPX/SPX Architecture
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Main Protocols of the IPX/SPX Protocol Stack

• Internetwork Packet eXchange (IPX)
• Connectionless, layer three protocol that
  provides routing function for the IPX/SPX
  protocol stack
• Similar in function to IP
• Sequenced Packet eXchange (SPX)
• Layer four protocol that provides guaranteed
  delivery for the connectionless IPX protocol
• Similar in function to TCP

continued
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Main Protocols of the IPX/SPX Protocol Stack

• Service Advertisement Protocol (SAP)
• An upper-layer protocol (layers 5, 6, and 7) used
  by clients to find network services and by
  servers to advertise network services
• NetWare Core Protocol (NCP)
• Primary upper-layer protocol (layers 4, 5, 6, and
  7) that facilitates client/server interaction
• Handles basic file and print sharing,
  authentication services, and directory services

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Main Protocols of the IPX/SPX Protocol Stack

• Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
• An integrated, distance-vector, routing protocol
  provided with the IPX/SPX protocol stack
• Functions at layer 3 of the OSI model
• NetWare Link State Protocol (NLSP)
• More advanced link state routing protocol
• Designed to replace RIP
• Functions at layer 3 of the OSI model

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Installing and Configuring NWLink IPX/SPX

• Access the Local Area Connection Properties
• Access the Select Network Component Type dialog
  box
• Manually assign frame types and network number,
  if required

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Installing and Configuring NWLink IPX/SPX
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Installing and Configuring NWLink IPX/SPX
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Installing and Configuring NWLink IPX/SPX
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Installing and Configuring NWLink IPX/SPX
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Network Protocol Bindings

• Process of associating or connecting a particular
  protocol or service to a network adapter card
• Rules for optimizing protocol bindings
• Move most-used protocols up in the protocol
  binding order
• Remove unused bindings

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Optimizing Protocol Bindings
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Optimizing Protocol Bindings
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Optimizing Protocol Bindings
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Chapter Summary

• Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol
  (TCP/IP)
• TCP/IP addressing
• TCP/IP classes
• Subnet masks
• Subnetting
• Static and dynamic TCP/IP addresses

continued
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Chapter Summary

• TCP/IP packet filtering
• Installing, configuring, and troubleshooting
  TCP/IP
• Internetwork packet eXchange/sequenced packet
  eXchange (IPS/SPX)
• Installing, configuring, and troubleshooting
  NWLink IPX/SPX
• Optimizing network protocol bindings