Harappan India

1
Harappan India

• The Forgotten Civilization

2
Brought to you buy

• Soojin Min
• Michelle Lie
• David Shannon

3
Geography

• ? Covered most of Pakistan, in addition to the
  western states of India.
• ? A majority of the sites found were on or near
  river embankments.
• ? Located in the northeastern Pakistan Punjab
  province, on the left bank of the Indus River.
  
• (Possehl)

4
Map of Harappan India
(www.go.hrw.com)
5
Trade

• ? Imported perishable products such as oils,
  clothes, lumber, livestock, other major
  commodities, and more notably, cotton.
• ? They exported various exotic woods, fruits,
  and metals.
• ? Harappans traded along the Silk Routes with
  Mesopotamias civilizations.
• (Possehl)

6
Map of Trade Routes
(www.orexca.com)
7
War

• ? There is no evidence of a military or the use
  of warfare.
• ? If required they could protect their
  civilization.
• ? The city walls were guarded by armed watchmen.
• (Mohiuddin)

8
Weaponry

• ? The migration of Aryans assisted in the
  generation of more functional tools.
• ? They produced bronze weaponry.
• ? Consisted of arrow heads, spears, and daggers.
• (www.geocities.com)

9
Agriculture

• ? Harvested crops such as cotton, sesame, peas,
  wheat, barley, etc (www.geocities.com).
• ? There were two growing seasons (Kenoyer).
• ? Domesticated animals such as cattle, buffalo,
  sheep, etc (www.thenagain.com).

10
Population

• ? Three main phases
• Early Harappan 3300 BCE-2800 BCE
• Mature Harappan 2800 BCE-1800 BCE
• Late Harappan 1800 BCE-1000 BCE
• ? Multiplicity of reasons for decline
• Climate change, political pressure, trade
  difficulties, invasion and/or migration.
• (Gale)

11
Disease

• ? Few signs of Disease.
• ? Malnourishment was the major cause of death.
• ? Not enough evidence or remains to actually
  come to a conclusion.
• (www.geocities.com)

12
Migration

• ? Early Harappans migrated around 3300 BCE.
• ? The Aryans pastoral cattleherders migrated
  in the Late Harappan phase.
• ? Had effect on Harappan culture.
• (Gale)

13
Social Structure

• ? Farming and herding were common (Possehl).
• ? Cattle was a principal form of wealth
  (Possehl).
• ? Caste system between farmers and pastoralists
  often varied (Kenoyer).
• ? Had forms of social hierarchy (Possehl).

14
Gender Structure

• ? Most families were patriarchal.
• ? Women had occasional rights.
• ? True men-domination didnt develop until later
  civilizations.
• (www.workmall.com)

15
The Arts

• ? Artwork was personal.
• ? Stone Seals were inscribed with Harappan
  writing.
• ? Carved stone sculptures of religious and
  symbolic meanings have been found.
• (www.thenagain.info.com)

16
Writing System

• ? Writing system has not yet been deciphered
• ? Three forms of writing
• Graphemes (distinct script signs)
• Logo-Syllabic system (groupings of shapes)
• Pictographs (stories drawn to portray stories)
• (Kenoyer)

17
Literature/Sacred Writings

• ? Harappa created the worlds first language.
• ? Ancient texts included the Vedas and the
  Rosetta Stone.
• ? Inscriptions were made on jars, pottery,
  seals, etc.
• (www.geocities.com)

18
Government Structure

• ? Not much can be certain because their language
  is yet to be deciphered (Mattingly).
• ? Some believe they were an evolved bureaucratic
  political power (Kenoyer).

19
Family Organization

• ? Lived in villages and tribal units.
• ? Monogamy, polygamy, and polyandry were all
  practiced.
• ? The birth of a son was welcomed but a daughter
  was not disgraced.
• (www.culturalindia.net)

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Religious Beliefs

• ? No evidence in a place to worship.
• ? Believed in early Hinduism and had extensions
  of Animism.
• ? Believed in early forms of Shiva and godly
  women figures.
• ? They worshiped the Bull, Tiger, and Buffalo.
• (www.concise.britannica.com)

21
Bibliography

• -2 Oct 2007 lthttp//go.hrw.com/venus_images/0596M
  C01.gif gt.
• 2 Oct 2007 lthttp//www.orexca.com/img/silk_road2.j
  pggt.
•  
• "Central Asia, Mesopotamia and Sarasvati Sindhu
  civilization." Sarasvati. 2003. The Hindu
  Universe is a HinduNet Inc.. 2 Oct 2007
  lthttp//www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/sarasvati/
  ht ml/vedictech.htmgt.

22
Bibliography Cond

• Frawley, David. "Migration Rather than Invasion."
  Myth of Aryan Invasion of India. 2 Oct 2007
  lthttp//www.indiaforum.org/india/hinduism/aryan/p
  a ge10.htmlgt.
• "Goddess Durga the Female Form as the Supreme
  Being." Dolls of India. UnlimitiedFX. 2 Oct 2007
  lthttp//www.dollsofindia.com/read/devi_durga.htmgt
  .
• Gokhale, Balkrishana. Ancient India History and
  Culture. India Popular Prakashan, 1995.

23
Bibliography Cond

• Haywood, John. "Indus Valley Civilization."The
  Encyclopedia of Ancient Civilizations. 1st ed.
  1997.
•  
• "INDIA and SOUTH EAST ASIA." INDIA and SOUTH EAST
  ASIA . 18 Aug 2006. M. Hoover and San Antonio
  College. 2 Oct 2007 lthttp//www.accd.edu/sac/vat
  /arthistory/arts1303/Indi a1.htmgt.
• "Indus Valley Civilization." Cultural India.
  CulturalIndia.net. 2 Oct 2007 lthttp//www.cultura
  lindia.net/indian- history/ancient-india/indus-val
  ley.htmlgt.
•  

24
Bibliography Cond

• "Indus Valley Civilization, 6000B.C-1000B.C."DISCo
  vering World History. 2003.
• Kenoyer, Jonathan. "Chalcolithic (Bronze)
  Age."Encyclopedia of India. 1st ed. 2006.
•  
• Kenoyer, Jonathan. "Indus Valley
  Civilization."Encyclopedia of India. 2nd ed.
  2006.
• Mattingly, Gerald. "Harappa."Encyclopedia of
  Anthropology. 3rd ed. 2006

25
Bibliography Cond

• Mohiuddin, Yasmeen. Pakistan. 1. Santa Barbara
  ABC- CLIO, 2007.
• Possehl, Gregory. "Harappan State and INdus
  Civilization."Berkshire ENcyclopedia of World
  History. 5th ed. 2005.
•  
• Possehl, Gregory. "Indus Valley."Encyclopedia of
  Food and Culture. 3rd ed. 2003.

26
Bibliography Cond

• Possehl, Gregory. The Indus Civilization A
  Contemporary Perspective. Armonk Rowman
  Altamira, 2002.
• Snell, Melissa. "Harappan Culture." About.com. 2
  Oct 2007 lthttp//historymedren.about.com/library
  /text/b ltxtindia2.htmgt.

27
Bibliography Cond

• Swanson, Emily. "Harappan Civilization." India
  and Southern Asia Chronology. 14 Sep 1998. 2 Oct
  2007 lthttp//www.thenagain.info/webchron/india/h
  a rappa.htmlgt.
• "The fragments of pottery are about 5,500 years
  old." 'Earliest writing' found. 4 May 1999. BBC
  News Online. 2 Oct 2007 lthttp//www.geocities.co
  m/pak_history/writing. htmlgt.