C H A P T E R

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C H A P T E R
A New Industrial Age
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
INTERACT WITH HISTORY
TIME LINE
The Expansion of Industry
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SECTION
MAP
The Age of the Railroads
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SECTION
Big Business and Labor
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SECTION
GRAPH
VISUAL SUMMARY
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C H A P T E R
A New Industrial Age
To analyze the effects of various scientific
discoveries and manufacturing innovations on the
nature of work, the American labor movement, and
businesses
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C H A P T E R
A New Industrial Age
I N T E R A C T
W I T H H I S T O R Y
The year is 1863 and railroad construction is
booming. In six years, the United States will be
linked by rail from coast to coast. Central
Pacific Railroad employs mainly Chinese
immigrants to blast tunnels, lay track, and drive
spikes, all for low wages. You are a journalist
assigned to describe this monumental construction
project for your readers.
What are the pros and cons of railroad expansion?
Examine the Issues
What dangers do the railroad workers encounter?
How will businesses and the general public
benefit from the transcontinental railroad?
How might railroad construction affect the
environment?
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C H A P T E R
A New Industrial Age
The United States
The World
continued . . .
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C H A P T E R
A New Industrial Age
The United States
The World
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MAP
KEY IDEA
Industry booms as natural resources, creative
ideas, and growing markets fuel technological
development.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
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OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Technological developments of the late 19th
century paved the way for the continued growth of
American industry.
At the end of the 19th century, natural
resources, creative ideas, and growing markets
fueled an industrial boom.
TERMS NAMES
ASSESSMENT
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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. List resources, ideas, and markets that
affected the industrial boom of the 19th century.
Then note how each item contributed to
industrialization.
Oil boom, wealth
Oil drill
Bessemer process
Bridge construction, more railroads
Steel
Frame buildings
Electrical power
Artificial light widely available
Telephone
Faster communications
continued . . .
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2. Do you think that consumers gained power as
industry expanded in the late 19th century?
ANSWER

• POSSIBLE RESPONSES
• Yes. Availability of products more leisure time
• No. low wages less skill and craft

continued . . .
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3. If the United States had been poor in natural
resources, how would industrialization have been
affected?
ANSWER
Less wealth less industry slower growth
continued . . .
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4. Which invention or development described in
this section had the greatest impact on society?
Think About
the applications of inventions
the impact of inventions on peoples daily
lives
the effect of inventions on the workplace
ANSWER
Electricity changed business and home
environments Telephone sped up communication,
faster service, faster growth Bessemer
process steel used for buildings, machines,
factories, bridges, railroads
End of Section 1
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KEY IDEA
The growth and consolidation of the railroads
benefit the nation but lead to corruption and
regulation.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
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OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The growth and consolidation of railroads
benefited the nation but also led to corruption
and required government regulation.
Railroads made possible the expansion of industry
across the United States.
TERMS NAMES
ASSESSMENT
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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. List five effects of the rapid growth
of railroads.
Creation of nationwide market
Growth of towns and cities
Regulation of industry
Rapid Growth of Railroads
Consolidation of railroads
Corruption
continued . . .
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2. Do you think the government and private
citizens could have done more to curb the
corruption and power of the railroads? Think
About
why the railroads had power
the rights of railroad customers and workers
the scope of government regulations
ANSWER

• POSSIBLE RESPONSES
• Yes. Consumer boycotts more regulation better
  prosecution of corrupt officials
• No. Munn v. Illinois broke new ground for
  regulation more regulation would have slowed
  industrial growth.

continued . . .
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3. The federal government gave land and made
loans to the railroad companies. Why was the
government so eager to promote the growth of
railroads?
ANSWER
Railroads increased United States settlement and
built up United States commerce.
continued . . .
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4. Why do you think that some Americans disliked
the railroad as a new means of transportation?
ANSWER
Pollution and social changes brought on by
railroads impeded freedoms. Some feared change
because of unknown consequences.
End of Section 2
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GRAPH
KEY IDEA
The expansion of industry in the North results in
the growth of big business and in the formation
of unions by laborers seeking to better their
working conditions and pay.
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT
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OVERVIEW
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The expansion of industry resulted in the growth
of big business and prompted laborers to form
unions to better their lives.
Many of the strategies used today in industry and
in the labor movement, such as consolidation and
the strike, have their origins in the late 19th
century.
TERMS NAMES
ASSESSMENT
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GRAPH
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. List four notable achievements and
setbacks of the labor movement between 1876 and
1911.
1877The Great Strike
1892The Steel Strike
1886 The Haymarket Affair
1911 Triangle Fire
continued . . .
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2. Do you think that the tycoons of the late 19th
century are best described as ruthless robber
barons or as effective captains of industry?
Think About
their management tactics and business
strategies
their contributions to the economy
their attitude toward competition
ANSWER
Baronsexploitation of workers greed personal
gain Captainsphilanthropy national commerce
jobs
continued . . .
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3. Does the life of Andrew Carnegie support or
counter the philosophy of Social Darwinism?
ANSWER
Support Carnegie well-suited to his society
caused his success Counter advantages beyond
Carnegies personal qualities
continued . . .
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4. If the government had supported unions instead
of management in the late 19th century, how might
the lives of workers have been different?
ANSWER
Labor relations more peaceful larger unions
higher wages safer working conditions lower
profits
End of Section 3