Rank Ordering of Course Usefulness for Jobs

1
Rank Ordering of Course Usefulness for Jobs
First Full-Time Job
Present Full-Time Job
Course
Ranking
Mean Rank
Ranking
Mean Rank
Personnel Psychology Legal Issues Training Psychom
etrics I-O Psychology Organizational
Psychology Advanced Statistics SPSS Thesis Experim
ental Design Individual Differences Methods
Ethics Advanced Social Psychology
1 2 3 4 5.5 5.5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
3.05 4.95 5.07 5.10 5.90 5.90 6.55 6.56 7.05 7.10
8.33 9.00 11.00
1 6 4 2 3 8 7 5 9 10 12 11 13
3.76 5.94 5.42 4.82 5.29 6.24 6.00 5.53 6.76 6.82
9.00 8.73 10.59
2
Growth in I/O Programs From 1986 - 2004 Increase
in doctoral programs 47.7 Increase in
masters programs 221.7 Number of
programs_________________________________________
___________Program type                       
                  1986                  
2004___________________________________________ M
A/MS I-O Psych 22
66 PhD I-O Psych 40
52
3
Some Reasons for Growth in I-O Psychology

• Economic --- Profit, Efficiency, Productivity
• Macro and micro level
• Technology --- Automation, Job changes, Job
  eliminations
• Training need
• Social ---
• Employee education
• Employee needs regarding jobs (Enrichment,
  decision-making, benefits)
• Dual careers
• Legal --- Discrimination Law Title VII of the
  Civil Rights Act

4
Key Areas of Personnel Psychology

• Job Analysis
• Recruitment
• Selection (reliability, validity)
• Test Development
• Training
• Performance Appraisal
  

5
Knowledge Needed in Personnel Psychology

• Statistics (e.g., analysis, interpretation,
  application SPSS)
• Discrimination Law (e.g., Adverse Impact, Title
  VII, ADA, FMLA, ADEA, FMLA, Sexual
  Harassment)
• Human Learning Cognition
• Psychometrics (test/scale development)
• Social Psychology (e..g., schemas,
  self-fulfilling prophecies)

6

• Applied work
• Performed job analysis of the position of trolley
  car operator and developed a performance test
  using mock trolley cars
• b) Studied the effect of street lighting on
  driver and pedestrian safety
• c) Developed early polygraph test
• Heart rate
• Blood pressure
• Free association latency test
• Automograph
• Books
• On The Witness Stand (1907)
• Psychology and Industrial Efficiency (1913)

Hugo Munsterberg
Musterberg Biography

• Applied work
• a) Director of the Bureau of Salesmanship
  Research at Carnegie Institute
• b) Director of the Commission on the
  Classification Personnel in the Army
• c) President of Northwestern University
• Books
• Theory of Advertising (1903) Psychology of
  Advertising (1910)
• Influencing Men in Business (1911) Personnel
  Management (1923)
• Psychology of Advertising Theory and Practice
  (1921).

Walter Dill Scott
Walter Dill Scott Biography
7

• a) Part of the team of psychologists that
  developed the Army Alpha and Beta tests during
  WWI
• b) Was instrumental in developing intelligence
  and aptitude tests in industry
• c) Began the department of Applied Psychology
  (Carnegie Institute of Technology 1915)

Walther Bingham
Walter Bingham Biography

• Chair of the committee that created the Army
  Alpha and Beta intelligence tests during the
  First World War
• b) Involved in the creation of the
  Yerkes-Bridges Point Scale of Intelligence (1915)

Robert Yerkes
8
Applied work Founder of Scientific Management
movement a) Design of work methods (time motion
studies, tool design, standardization of work) b)
Rest periods and performance c) Employee
selection training  Books  Principles of
Scientific Management (1911)
Frederick Taylor

• Applied work
• Worked with Munsterberg on street lighting
  project in Boston
• Developed methods to select aviators, detect
  deception, enhance effectiveness of advertising,
  employment testing/selection
• Books
• Principles of Employment Psychology (1926)
• Psychology and Industrial Efficiency (1929)
• Legal Psychology (1931)
• Psychology of Advertising (1938)
•  Applied Psychology (1948)

Harold Burtt
9
Influences on the field of I-O Psychology
World War I

• Need for group assessment for selection and
  placement of military recruits
•  
• Development of Army Alpha Beta intelligence
  tests
•  
• Development of Woodworth Personal Data Sheet
  (1st self-report personality test)

• Woodworth Personnel Data Sheet
• Purpose to identify military recruits likely to
  break down in combat
• 116 questions with yes/no response
• Items selected from lists of known symptoms of
  emotional disorders and from
• questions asked by psychiatrists in their
  screening interviews

Robert Woodworth
Woodworth Biography
10
Members of the Committee on the Psychological
Examination of Recruits

• By mid-year of 1917, the first year of its
  existence, the team constructed 5 forms of the
  Army Alpha test (verbal test), and developed the
  Army Beta exam, a nonverbal test for illiterate
  and non-English speaking recruits. Final forms of
  the Army Alpha and Beta tests were published in
  the beginning of 1919. By the time the war
  ended, the tests had been administered to
  approximately 2 million recruits.
• The tests were the first instruments designed
  for group administration
• They also generated a great deal of interest in
  the application of intelligence testing

11
Sample Items from the 1917 Version of the
Woodworth Data Sheet 6 Do you have too many
sexual dreams? 29 Have you ever lost your
memory for a time? 31 Were you happy when 14 to
18 years old? 38 Has your family always treated
you right? 42 Do people find fault with you
more than you deserve? 44 Did you ever make
love to a girl? 48 Do you think drinking has
hurt you? 50 Do you think you have hurt
yourself by going too much with women? 52 Did
you ever think you had lost your manhood? 53
Have you ever had any great mental shock? 54
Have you ever seen a vision? 57 Have you ever
felt as if someone was hypnotizing you and making
you act against your will? 58 Have you ever
been bothered by the feeling that people are
reading your thoughts? 62 Are you troubled with
the fear of being crushed in a crowd? 81 Do you
find it difficult to pass urine in the presence
of others? 113 Can you stand pain quietly?
115 Can you stand disgusting smells?
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Between the 1st 2nd World Wars

•  
• Development of the Dictionary of Occupational
  Titles (now ONet)
•  
• Formation of the Psychological Corporation
  (James Cattell)
•  
• Formation of the Institute for Sales Research
•  
• Formation of the Journal of Applied Psychology
  (1917)
•  Doctoral degrees in industrial psychology begin
  being offered at U.S. universities
• The Great Depression (e.g., unemployment,
  government regulations)
•  
• The Hawthorne Studies effect of environmental
  changes e.g., lighting, on performance discovered
  the key roles of informal work groups, worker
  attitudes, supervisory style, informal
  communication networks

Cattell
Scott
Elton Mayo
13
World War II

• Development of training simulators (e.g.,
  flight/aviation)
•  
• Development of situational exercises the
  Assessment Center method
• for "managerial" positions
•  
• Growth of ergonomics or human factors
•  
• Significant increase of females in the workforce

After WWII

• Civil Rights Acts (1964, 1972, 1991)
• Organizational Psychology officially recognized
  (I-O Psychology)

14
Some Issues in I-O Psychology

• Limited attention to research and practice in
  other countries
• Focus on the perceived needs and concerns of
  management
• Relative lack of applied training within I-O
  doctoral programs
• Use of techniques without proof of adequate
  psychometric properties
• e) Differences between I-O researchers and
  practitioners