FRBR: Coming Soon to YOUR Library

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FRBR Coming Soon to YOUR Library?
Jennifer Bowen University of Rochester jbowen_at_libr
ary.rochester.edu New York Library
Association October 23, 2004 Rochester, New
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A Visual FRBR Example

• Results Display of a Keyword Search for Susan B.
  Anthony

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Susan B. Anthony Keyword Search Top Relevance
Hits

• Biography
• Biography
• Biography
• Susan B. Anthony Preservation District
• Her Writings
• Biography
• Biography
• Biography
• Correspondence
• Virgil Thomson opera recording
• Biography

• Proceedings of her Trial
• Virgil Thomson opera recording
• Music from the Ken Burns film
• The Ken Burns film
• Biography
• Biography
• Analysis of her writings
• Womens Studies Newsletter
• Her papers
• Biography

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Why is this better?

• Collocation materials with the same or related
  content are grouped together.
• Easier navigation through search results
• Precise results with simple search queries.
• What could help us to achieve this?

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FRBR What is it?
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FRBR Functional Requirements for Bibliographic
Records

• IFLA publication, 1998
• Published by K.G. Saur
• Also available on the Web
• Conceptual model
• How do users use
• bibliographic information?
• Relates bibliographic
• data to user tasks

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Significance of FRBR

• Sheds new light on current practices, standards
• AACR, MARC, etc.
• A clearer way to communicate about how catalogs
  should function
• Based on needs of catalog users

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Entity-Relationship Model

• Entities
• Relationships
• Attributes

relationship
Entity 1
Entity 2
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FRBR Entities

• Group 1 Work, Expression, Manifestation, Item
• Products of intellectual or artistic endeavor
• Group 2 Person, Corporate Body
• Those responsible for intellectual or artistic
  content
• Group 3 Concept, Object, Event, Place
• Serve as subjects of works

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FRBR Group 1 Entities

• Goethes Faust
• L. Filmores English translation of Faust
• As published by W. Smith, 1847
• The copy owned by my library

• Work
• Expression
• Manifestation
• Item

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Work
FRBR Group 1 Entities
is realized through
Expression
is embodied in
Manifestation
is exemplified by
Item
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FRBR Entity Levels
Work
Expression
Manifestation
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FRBR Entity Levels
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Paper
PDF
HTML
Item
Copy 1 Autographed
Copy 2
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FRBR Entity Levels
Family of works
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Paper
PDF
HTML
Item
Copy 1 Autographed
Copy 2
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Attributes of Group 1 Entities

• Manifestation
• ID
• Title
• Statement of responsibility
• Edition
• Imprint (place, publisher, date)
• Form/extent of carrier
• Terms of availability
• Mode of access
• etc.
• Item
• ID
• Provenance
• Location
• etc.

• Work
• ID
• Title
• Date
• etc.
• Expression
• ID
• Title
• Form/mode of expression
• Date
• Language
• etc.

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Relationships
Work
Expression

• Inherent among the entities
• Content relationships among works

Manifestation
Item
Whole-Part
Accompanying
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FRBR User Tasks

• Find
• through searching
• Identify
• Is this what I was looking for?
• Select
• Which best suits the users needs?
• Obtain
• How do I get this?

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What does FRBR mean for catalogs?

• Collocation Bring like things together in the
  catalog
• Expressions of the same work
• Manifestations of the same expression
• Show relationships between records in the catalog
  
• Help users navigate search results

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Where is FRBR most useful?

• Classics of literature vs. scientific studies
• Examples in the OCLC database
• Stephen King
• 102 works, 231 manifestations
• Shakespeares Hamlet
• 1 work, 2696 manifestations
• Rowling, J.K. (Harry Potter stories)
• 28 works, 300 manifestations

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FRBR and Cataloging
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Group 1 Entities vs. MARCOr, What are we
cataloging?

• CAVEAT This is vastly oversimplified!
• Work Authority record
• Expression ????
• Manifestation Bibliographic Record
• Item Holding Record
• Current bibliographic records may contain
  attributes of all four entities! See Library of
  Congress (Tom Delsey) mapping of FRBR and MARC
  Bibliographic and Holding Formats

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Expression vs. Edition Same thing? No!

• Some editions are the same expression, but
  different manifestations
• Reprint editions, simultaneous publications
• Some editions are different expressions
• If content has been revised (Rev. ed., 1st ed.,
  2nd ed.)
• Some editions are different works altogether (but
  publisher calls them editions)

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FRBR and Cataloging

• Works
• We already use uniform titles for collocation
• Expressions
• Not currently creating headings for expressions
• Attributes of expressions now buried within
  bibliographic records

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When do we care about Expressions?

• Bibliographic families
• When a work exists in multiple expressions
• When an expression exists in multiple
  manifestations
• Represent a small percentage of all catalog
  records, but these represent the core of our
  cultural heritage

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FRBR and Cataloging Incorporating FRBR into AACR

• Joint Steering Committee for Revision of AACR
  (JSC)
• FRBR terminology work, expression,
  manifestation, item.
• Incorporating the entity expression into AACR
• Format Variation Working Group

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Can We Catalog an Expression?

• Is it feasible to change the basis for a catalog
  record from a manifestation to an expression?

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Problems with Cataloging Expressions

• Not the way most libraries operate
• We start by purchasing, and then cataloging, a
  manifestation.
• Not enough info. at the time of cataloging
• May needlessly complicate the cataloging process
• Only useful for a subset of library materials

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Cataloging an Expression?

• Working Group Recommendation
• Libraries should keep cataloging manifestations
  (mostly)
• Expressionlevel access can be achieved through
  collocation of search results

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Expressions From Cataloging to Collocation

• Cataloger-created collocation
• Propose new rules for AACR for constructing
  headings for expressions
• System-created collocation
• Explore what systems can do with
  expression-level data already in MARC records
  (e.g. VTLS, OCLC, RLG)

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Rules for Creating Headings for Expressions in
AACR How?

• Add elements to the end of a work heading
  (uniform title) to identify and differentiate an
  expression
• Possible additions
• Language
• Edition statement
• Mode of expression (e.g. Sound)
• Date of expression date of performance,
  translation, etc.
• Name of editor, translator, performer (show
  relationship to Group 2 entity)

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Possible Headings for Expressions

• Melville, Herman. Moby Dick. Abridged ed.
• Homer. Iliad. English (Pope)
• Berlioz, Hector, 1803-1869. Symphonie
  fantastique. Sound (Solti)
• Order of elements, punctuation
• being discussed

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Rules for Creating Headings for Expressions in
AACR Why?

• Show relationships between records
• Move toward rules for how a catalog should
  function
• Demonstrates that collocation at the expression
  level is an important function of the catalog
• Force an online system to collocate expressions
  if system wont do it any other way

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Specific Uses of Headings for Expressions

• Useful for small, but important, subsets of
  library materials
• Large collections in a specific area
• Local research interest
• Many expressions of the same work
• Many manifestations of the same expression
• More specific related-work headings (related
  expression headings)

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Problems with Headings for Expressions

• How to make the rules clear and easy to use?
• What elements to add? In what order? What
  punctuation?
• Predetermined strings are limiting
• Every possible solution eliminates all of the
  others
• Different users have different needs

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Alternative System-Based Collocation of
Expressions

• System can identify expression-level data already
  in the records
• Use this data to collocate (sort) displays
• More flexible than assigning headings
• Some system vendors are already working on this

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FRBR and Systems Vendors

• What can library systems do now to implement
  FRBR?

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Possibilities of System-Based FRBR Collocation

• Works
• Can do now, if good uniform titles, clean data
• Expressions
• Possible, but needs work!
• Can collocate by format, language
• Can improve collocation without explicitly
  identifying every expression

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Collocation by Family of Works and Expressions

• Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet.
• Texts
• Motion Pictures
• Sound Recordings

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Collocation by Expressions

• Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet.
• Texts Danish
• Texts Dutch
• Texts English
• Texts French
• Texts Spanish
• Motion Pictures English
• Sound Recordings - English

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Collocation of Manifestations

• Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet.
• Motion pictures English
• 1964 Director, Bill Collegan
• 1990 Director, Kevin Kline, Kirk Browning
• 1990 Director, Franco Zeffirelli
• 1992 Director, Maria Muat
• 1996 Director, Kenneth Branagh
• 2000 Director, Campbell Scott, Eric Simonson

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FRBR-ize MARC records

• OCLCs FRBR Work Set algorithm
• http//www.oclc.org/research/software/frbr/
• LCs FRBR display tool
• http//www.loc.gov/marc

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System-Based Collocation Potential for
Improvement?

• Relator Information
• Identify roles of entries in a predictable place
  in the record
• Proposed revision to AACR2 Rule 21.0D to allow
  expanded use of relator terms
• Linking Entries
• Show relationship between records
• Pat Riva, article in April 2004 Library Resources
  Technical Services

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Assigned Headings or System-Based Collocation?

• Both!
• Libraries will demand more of systems to show
  structure of catalog and collocate search results
  
• AND
• Catalogers will be able to assign headings for
  expressions when necessary.

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FRBR Interface Questions for Your System Vendor

• What does the FRBR user interface look like?
• Will users see a FRBR-like structure?
• How do users navigate search results?
• Is vendor doing usability testing on a FRBR user
  interface?

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More Questions for Your System Vendor

• What record structure do you use FRBR-Like
  (e.g. VTLS) or MARC?
• Can MARC records be extracted?
• How will FRBR affect cataloging interface?
• How are links made and maintained between
  records?

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What if Your System Vendor Isnt Implementing
FRBR?

• Lobby them! Get other institutions interested!
• Make a list of problems that FRBR would help
  solve
• Restate old problems in terms of FRBR
• Look for other ways to incorporate FRBR or parts
  of it at your library

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Questions?
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FRBR at the University of Rochester

• or, Why wait for your System Vendor to implement
  FRBR?

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University of Rochester Web Projects

• User-centered web design
• Alternatives to cumbersome online catalog
  searches
• Use data already in our MARC records to create
  websites designed to meet specific UR users
  needs

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Example 1 UR Video/DVD Collection

• Circulating collection for research AND casual
  viewing
• What directors do you have represented in your
  collection?
• Use relator info., etc. in MARC records to create
  browse lists
• http//www.library.rochester.edu/index.cfm?pagevi
  deos

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Example 2 UR Audio Recordings

• Relator Information
• Users choose performers or composers
• Problematic 4 cmp not used for composers so
• Absence of 4 composers
• Some false drops, more data cleanup.
• http//www.library.rochester.edu/index.cfm?PAGE13
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Other Useful FRBR Data

• Browse by Primary Language (videos and DVDs)
• expression-level attribute
• Browse by Genre
• work-level attribute
• videos and DVDs mostly LC genre list
• audio CDs local list (record store
  categories Jazz, Classical, etc.)

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The Real Truth

• UR website project designers didnt know about
  FRBR!
• Project concept based on user needs
• Demonstrates viability of FRBR model regarding
  user tasks/needs

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FRBR May Already be at Your Library!

• Catalogs already contain some elements of FRBR
• Theres more to FRBR than entities and
  attributes emphasis on the user
• User tasks find, identify, select, obtain
• What are our users trying to achieve?
• User-centered design

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Is FRBR Really Coming?

• Its already here!