Overview of Windows XP Professional Networking

1
Overview of Windows XP Professional Networking

• The Four Client Configurations - Adapter, Client,
  Protocol, Service

2
Four Client Configurations
Client
Adapter
Protocol
Service
3
Four Client Configurations
Adapter
Protocol
Client
Service
4
1. Network Card/Driver
5
Network Interface Card - your on-ramp

• Provides physical attachment to the network (the
  wire)
• Turns data (1s and 0s) into electrical signals on
  wire
• Gives each computer a physical address

6
The Physical Address

• Unique hexadecimal number like 00-10-5F-D1-34-A0
• Burned into every NIC produced
• a.k.a. the MAC address or EMAC
• Absolutely necessary for network communications

7
What driver?

• A driver is a software program that allows your
  operating system to talk to your hardware
  devices
• Device drivers are written for specific NICs and
  Operating Systems
• Microsoft OSs need NDIS compatible NIC drivers
  (Network Device Interface Specification)

8
The NIC Driver

• The right driver
• Updates can be important
• Many drivers are included in WXP
• Should be auto-detected

9
2. Protocol the rules of the road that make
networking possible
10
What is a Protocol?

An agreed-upon format for transmitting data
between two devices.

• the type of error checking to be used
• data compression method, if any
• how the sending device indicates it has finished
  sending a message
• how (or if) the receiving device indicates that
  it has received a message

11
Protocols

• TCP/IP - THE protocol
• NWLINK (IPX-SPX compatible protocol) - the
  original NetWare protocol
• NetBEUI - IBMs invention, easy to set up but not
  routable
• DLC - non-routable and not used for general
  networking

12
TCP/IP - the Big Kahuna

• A routable networking system supported by most
  operating systems
• The technology for connecting dissimilar systems
• A robust, scalable, cross-platform client/server
  framework
• A method of accessing Internet resources
• Default for Windows XP, Required for Windows
  Server Domain

13
The TCP/IP Suite of Protocols Maps to a
Four-Layer Conceptual Model
14
Understanding IP Addresses

• Identifies each Transmission Control
  Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) host
• Consists of a network ID and a host ID
• Consists of a logical 32-bit number (four 8-bit
  octets)

15
Addresses Supported by Microsoft

• Class A addresses 1.0.0.0 through 126.0.0.0
• 126 networks and 16,777,214 hosts per network
• Class B addresses 128.0.0.0 through 191.255.0.0
• 16,384 networks and 65,534 hosts per network
• Class C addresses 192.0.0.0 through
  223.255.255.0
• 2,097,152 networks and 254 hosts per network

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Three Basic TCP/IP Configurations

• Unique IP Address
• Subnet mask
• Default gateway

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192.168.20.111
192.168.20.35
192.168.32.29
192.168.32.212
Physical address
Physical address
Physical address
Physical address
5
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If our computer with IP 192.168.20.111 needs to
communicate with the computer with IP address
192.168.20.35, it first must decide whether
192.168.20.35 is on the same side of the router
or on the other side (on the same subnet or not).
To do this, it uses both the IP address and the
subnet mask.
192.168.20.111
192.168.20.35
192.168.32.29
192.168.32.212
Physical address
Physical address
Physical address
Physical address
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The address we are trying to reach
192.168. 20.35
255.255.255.0
The subnet mask
This identifies that the address we are trying to
reach, and our address, are both on the same
subnet (the same side of the router).
192.168. 20.111
Our IP address
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The address we are trying to reach
(192.168.20.35)
11000000.10101000.00010100.00100011
Is anded with the subnet mask (255.255.255.0)
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Which yields the answer
11000000.10101000.00010100.00000000
Anding OUR IP address ( 192.168.20.111)with the
subnet mask
11000000.10101000.00010100.01101111
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
11000000.10101000.00010100.00000000
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The address we are trying to reach
(192.168.20.35)
11000000.10101000.00010100.00100011
Is anded with the subnet mask (255.255.255.0)
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Which yields the answer
11000000.10101000.00010100.00000000
Anding OUR IP address ( 192.168.20.111)with the
subnet mask
11000000.10101000.00010100.01101111
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
11000000.10101000.00010100.00000000
Yields the SAME ANSWER!. So, our brilliant
TCP/IP software knows that this host is on our
subnet!
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ARP - Address Resolution Protocol

• If the other computer (host) is on the same
  subnet, then our computer will ARP
• ARP is a broadcast that says Im looking for the
  MAC address of the host with IP address
  192.168.20.35
• The other computer answers the ARP broadcast with
  its MAC

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The ARP broadcast only reaches the hosts on the
same subnet (same side of the router). Routers
dont usually pass broadcasts.
192.168.20.111
192.168.20.35
192.168.32.29
192.168.32.212
Physical address
Physical address
Physical address
Physical address
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ARP Process
The ARP Request Im MAC 00-00-1d-a3-18-7f, IP
192.168.20.111, Im looking for 192.168.20.35
The ARP Response Im 192.168.20.35! My MAC is
00-10-4b-0f-6f-66. Lets talk!
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But what if 192.168.20.111 needs to talk to
192.168.32.212?
192.168.20.111
192.168.20.35
192.168.32.29
192.168.32.212
Physical address
Physical address
Physical address
Physical address
It cant ARP, since a broadcast wont pass the
router.
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The address we are trying to reach
192.168. 32.212
255.255.255.0
The subnet mask
This identifies that the address we are trying to
reach, and our address, are on different
subnets. Its on the other side of the router.
192.168. 20.111
Our IP address
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The address we are trying to reach
(192.168.32.212)
11000000.10101000.00100000.11010100
Is anded with the subnet mask (255.255.255.0)
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Which yields the answer
11000000.10101000.00100000.00000000
Anding OUR IP address with our subnet mask yields
11000000.10101000.00010100.00000000
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The address we are trying to reach
11000000.10101000.00100000.11010100
Is anded with the subnet mask
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Which yields the answer
11000000.10101000.00100000.00000000
Anding OUR IP address with our subnet mask yields
11000000.10101000.00010100.00000000
Since this DOES NOT match the first answer, our
brilliant TCP/IP software knows that this host is
on another subnet!
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This is why we have default gateway!
192.168.20.111
192.168.20.35
192.168.32.29
192.168.32.212
Physical address
Physical address
Physical address
Physical address
192.168.20.1
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Default Gateway

• The way off of your subnet
• Your door to the rest of the network
• Your interface to the router
• Always entered as an IP address
• MUST be on your subnet (when compared to your
  subnet mask)

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Configuring the Default Gateway on Windows XP
Professional
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The default gateway is your address for the
router.
192.168.20.111
192.168.20.35
192.168.32.29
192.168.32.212
Physical address
Physical address
Physical address
Physical address
192.168.20.1
The router takes charge of message delivery and
passes the message through to the remote host.
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Basic TCP/IP Review

• Each host has a physical (MAC) address. IP
  addresses must eventually be resolved to a MAC
• Each host needs an unique IP address, a subnet
  mask, and a default gateway correctly set
• These three work together to make communications
  work on both sides of the router.

34
Review Continued

• From a client perspective, the subnet mask tells
  my computer whether the host it is trying to
  contact is on its subnet or on the other side of
  the router.
• If the host is local, then the ARP broadcast is
  sent
• If the host is remote, the default gateway is
  used
• The sending computer needs to know whether to
• Shout or Route?

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These basic TCP/IP configurations are made in the
TCP/IP properties on your Windows XP Pro machine
36
New Complications - TCP/IP Name Resolution
When you want to Yahoo, what do you type in your
browser?
http//204.71.200.245
- OR -
http//www.yahoo.com
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Name Resolution

• The process of figuring out (resolving) which IP
  address goes with each name.
• Requires a database be kept (usually on a
  server).
• We will discuss two kinds of name resolution -
  domain name resolution and NetBIOS name
  resolution.

38
Domain Name System
Top-Level Domain
Sub-Domain
Host Name
FQDN ws1.baylor.edu
FQDN ws1.tstc.edu
39
Host Names
Lucy
Ricky
Fred
Ethel
192.168.20.111
192.168.20.35
192.168.32.29
192.168.32.212
Physical address
Physical address
Physical address
Physical address
Mertz.com
Babalu.com
192.168.20.1
192.168.32.1
Domain Name
Domain Name
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Two Domain Name Resolution Schemes

• DNS server

• HOSTS file

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Lucy
Ricky
Fred
Ethel
192.168.20.111
192.168.20.35
192.168.32.29
192.168.32.212
Physical address
Physical address
Physical address
Physical address
DNS
DNS
Mertz.com
Babalu.com
192.168.20.1
192.168.32.1
192.168.20.2
192.168.32.2
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DNS Zone
Lucy
Ricky
Fred
Ethel
192.168.20.111
192.168.20.35
192.168.32.29
192.168.32.212
Physical address
Physical address
Physical address
Physical address
DNS
Mertz.com
Babalu.com
192.168.20.1
192.168.32.1
192.168.20.2
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DNS is like like dialing information.
Information. How can I help you.
Hello, I need the number for George Smith.
That number is [phone]
But you have to know the number to call to get
information!
44
Configuring Windows XP Professional to use DNS
45
DNS is like like dialing information.
Hello, I need the IP address for ws1.tstc.edu
That address is 161.109.35.19
WXP knows the DNS server address because you put
it in!!!
46
NetBIOS Names The Other Name Resolution

• Network Basic Input/Output System
• Relic of IBM/Microsoft collaboration on the OS/2
  project
• NetBIOS names are in a flat namespace (not
  hierarchical)
• Going away with Windows 2000 XP Windows
  Server 2003

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NetBIOS Names (cont.)

• NetBIOS name are often given during installation
• NetBIOS names can be up to 15 characters long
  (16th reserved)
• Must be unique on network
• Can be resolved by many methods including
  broadcast, LMHOSTS file, and the Windows Internet
  Name Service (WINS)

48
Where is my NetBIOS name?
Computer Name (Windows 9x) - Equals - NetBIOS
name.
49
What is my Workgroup?
Workgroup (Windows 9X) - Equals - Network
Neighborhood group.
Hint Remember that the first computers you see
when you open Network Neighborhood will be the
ones in your workgroup!!!
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Windows XP NetBIOS?
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When do you use a NetBIOS name?

• When you log on to an NT domain
• Whenever you use Network Neighborhood
• Whenever you map a network drive
• Whenever you attach to a resource via a UNC path
  -- \\computername\sharename

52
How do NetBIOS names get resolved to IP addresses?
LMHOSTS file (on local computer)
Broadcast (same subnet only)
WINS server Windows Internet Name
Service Enables resolution and resource browsing
across different subnets on the same LAN or WAN.
53
192.168.48.200
WINS
Lucy
Ricky
Fred
Ethel
192.168.20.111
192.168.20.35
192.168.32.29
192.168.32.212
Physical address
Physical address
Physical address
Physical address
DNS
DNS
Mertz.com
Babalu.com
192.168.20.1
192.168.32.1
192.168.20.2
192.168.32.2
54
How do I set up the XP client to use a WINS
server?
55
TCP/IP Name Resolution Review

• Host/Domain name must be resolved to IP addresses
• DNS servers do most resolution
• You must put the DNS server address in your
  configuration to resolve domain names
• You can also set a host/domain name in the
  network configuration

56
TCP/IP Name Resolution Review 2

• All networked Windows machines require NetBIOS
  names (up to 15 char.) set in the network
  configuration
• NetBIOS names enable logon, file sharing, and
  resource browsing on Windows networks
• Broadcast, LMHOSTS files, and WINS servers can
  resolve NetBIOS names to IP addresses
• To use WINS, you must enter the WINS server
  address into the client machine

57
TCP/IP Review
192.168.48.200
WINS
Lucy
Ricky
Fred
Ethel
192.168.20.111
192.168.20.35
192.168.32.29
192.168.32.212
Physical address
Physical address
Physical address
Physical address
DNS
DNS
Mertz.com
Babalu.com
192.168.20.1
192.168.32.1
192.168.20.2
192.168.32.2
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Can this be done any easier???
DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
59
DHCP (Server)

• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
• Server-based
• Provides (leases) IP addresses to machines
  (hosts) during boot-up
• Provides other configuration info like subnet
  mask, default gateway address, DNS server
  address, and WINS server address

60
Configuring TCP/IP to Obtain an IP Address
Automatically
11/10/2009 436 AM
Windows 2000 Professional / Chapter 7
60
61
Setting the Host to Use DHCP
Just choose this radio button to get your
configuration through DHCP (Default Setting)
62
DHCP vs. Static

• By default, client computers running Microsoft
  Windows 9x, 2000, XP, 2003 obtain TCP/IP
  configuration automatically.
• Some computers should always be assigned a static
  IP address (DHCP Server).
• DHCP makes administration much easier and more
  uniform

63
The Restless Evil of
APIPA
64
Using Automatic Private IP Addressing

• Automatically configures Internet Protocol (IP)
  addresses
• Without using static IP addresses
• Without installing the Dynamic Host Configuration
  Protocol (DHCP) Service
• Provides the ability to create a functioning
  single-subnet network by default
• Does not require a default gateway

65
The Automatic Private IP Addressing Process
66
The Automatic Private IP Addressing Process for
Clients with a Valid Lease at Boot Time

• The client tries to renew its lease with the DHCP
  server.
• If the DHCP server is not available, the client
  pings the default gateway.
• If the default gateway replies, the client
  continues to use the lease.
• If the default gateway does not reply, the client
  uses Automatic Private IP Addressing.

67
Specifying an Alternate TCP/IP Configuration

• If a DHCP server is not found
• You can use an alternate TCP/IP configuration
  when a computer is used on more than one network
  and one of the networks does not have a DHCP
  server and does not use Automatic Private IP
  Addressing
• If you want to disable gateway Automatic Private
  IP Addressing
• Automatic Private IP Addressing is enabled by
  default
• If the first TCP/IP configuration fails,
  Microsoft Windows XP Professional uses the second
  TCP/IP configuration instead of using Automatic
  Private IP Addressing

68
Disabling Automatic Private IP Addressing

• Enabled by default (irritating).
• Add the IPAutoconfigurationEnabled value to the
  HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Servi
  ces\Tcpip\Parameters\Interfaces\Adapter subkey.
• Set IPAutoconfigurationEnabled value to 0.

69
REMEMBER

• If your IP is 169.254.x.x with a default gateway
  of 255.255.0.0

YOU have been APIPAd!!!
You could not get an address from DHCP for SOME
REASON!!!!
70
TCP/IP Troubleshooting Tools

• Ipconfig (with switches)
• PING (Packet INteret Groper)
• Tracert (trace route)
• Netstat
• NSLOOKUP

71
TCP/IP Tools
72
IPCONFIG /ALL
73
Using Ipconfig

• Use ipconfig /all to verify the TCP/IP
  configuration parameters on a host.
• Use ipconfig /all more to prevent the ipconfig
  output from scrolling off the screen.

74
Example 1, Understanding Ipconfig /all

• If the configuration is initialized
• Ipconfig displays the IP address and subnet mask.
• Ipconfig displays the default gateway if it is
  assigned.

75
Example 2, Understanding Ipconfig /all

• If a duplicate IP address exists
• Ipconfig indicates IP address is configured.
• Subnet mask is 0.0.0.0.

76
Example 3, Understanding Ipconfig /all

• No server running the DHCP Service on the network
• IP address provided by Automatic Private IP
  Addressing
• IP address is 169.254.0.0 through 169.254.255.255

77
Using Ping

• Use to test connectivity
• Use to determine if a host is available and
  functional

78
Testing a TCP/IP Configuration
79
TCP/IP Review
192.168.48.200
WINS
Lucy
Ricky
Fred
Ethel
192.168.20.111
192.168.20.35
192.168.32.29
192.168.32.212
Physical address
Physical address
Physical address
Physical address
DNS
DNS
Mertz.com
Babalu.com
192.168.20.1
192.168.32.1
192.168.20.2
192.168.32.2
80
Where in the world were we?

• We started with the four client configurations
• They were
• So far we have talked about

81
IPX-SPX the NetWare Transport Protocol

• Internetwork Packet Exchange Sequenced Packet
  Exchange
• Routable via network numbers
• Microsofts version is IPX-SPX compatible
  protocol or NWLink
• Facilitates connections with NetWare Servers
• Easier to configure than TCP/IP

82
Introduction to NWLink

• NWLink IPX/SPX/NetBIOS-compatible transport
  protocol
• Microsofts implementation of Novells NetWare
  IPX/SPX protocol
• Commonly used where
• Clients running Microsoft operating systems
  access resources on NetWare servers
• Clients running NetWare access resources on
  computers running Microsoft operating systems

83
Understanding NWLink Features

• Supports communications with NetWare networks
• Supports sockets and NetBIOS over IPX
• Provides NetWare clients with access to Windows
  2000 Servers

84
Installing NWLink
85
Configuring NWLink

• Frame type
• Network number
• Internal network number

86
Configuring NWLink (continued)

• By default, Windows 2000 detects a frame type and
  a network number.
• Windows 2000 provides a generic network number.
• Each network adapter card bound to NWLink in a
  computer requires a frame type and a network
  number.

87
Frame Type

• The frame type defines the way that the network
  adapter card formats data.
• The NWLink frame type should match the frame type
  on the NetWare server.
• You can manually configure the frame type.

88
Topologies and Frame Types

• Ethernet supports Ethernet II, 802.3, 802.2, and
  SNAP.
• Token Ring topology supports 802.5 and SNAP.
• FDDI supports 802.2 and SNAP.

89
Network Numbers

• Each frame type configured on a network adapter
  cardrequires a network number.
• The network number must be unique for each
  network segment.
• Computers on a segment using the same frame type
  must use the same network number to communicate
  with each other.
• Use Registry Editor to manually specify a network
  number.

90
Internal Network Numbers

• Uniquely identifies a computer on the network for
  internal routing
• Eight-digit hexadecimal number that is set to
  00000000 by default

91
Manually Assign an Internal Network Number if

• FPNW is installed and there are multiple frame
  types on a single adapter
• FPNW is installed and NWLink is bound to multiple
  adapters in the computer
• An application is using the NetWare Service
  Advertising Protocol (SAP)

92
Troubleshooting NetWare Connectivity

• Tools
• Ipxroute config
• Ipxroute ripout
• Network Monitor
• Troubleshooting common NWLink configuration
  problems
• Verify that NWLink and Client Services for
  NetWare are installed.
• Verify that Client Services for NetWare is
  running.
• Verify that the Frame Type is set to AutoDetect
  on the client.
• Verify the Installed Network Number and Frame
  Type on the client.

93
THE CLIENT
94
The Network Client

• Gives client the ability to log on (authenticate)
  to domain, server, or NDS tree
• Makes it possible for a client to request file
  and print services from a server
• Examples
• - Client for Microsoft Networks
• - Client for NetWare Networks
• - Novells Client32

95
What is a client?

• A network client is an implementation of a core
  protocol. The server core protocol is the format
  for requesting and providing file, print, and
  authentication services to a network client.
• The client software adds the request part of
  the core protocol to a client so that the client
  can request server services.
• Different servers have different core protocols.

96
File and Printer Sharing (Service)

• Makes it possible for a WXP client to answer
  requests for file and print services from other
  machines
• Examples
• - File and Print Sharing for Microsoft Networks
• - File and Print Sharing for NetWare Networks

97
Introduction to Network Bindings
98
Configuring Network Bindings
99
Combining Network Bindings

• You can select which protocols are bound to the
  network adapter cards.
• When adding network software, Windows XP
  automatically binds all dependent network
  components accordingly.
• Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS) 5
  provides the local security database that Windows
  XP uses to validate the logon information.

100
Configuring Network Bindings

• In the Network And Dial-Up Connections window,
  click Advanced, and then click Advanced Settings
  to configure network bindings.
• Only an experienced network administrator who is
  familiar with the requirements of the network
  software should attempt to change binding
  settings.

101
Specifying Binding Order

• You can specify binding order to optimize network
  performance.
• To specify the binding order, in the Network And
  Dial-Up Connections window, click Advanced, and
  then click Advanced Settings.