THE CRISIS OF THE UNION

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CHAPTER 13

• THE CRISIS OF THE UNION
• 1844-1860

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The Independence of Texas

• Manifest Destiny That God intended the United
  States to possess all the land to the Pacific
  Ocean.
• Spain-Mexico own Texas 1590s to 1835.
• Adams-Onis Treaty 1819.
• Moses Austin and Stephen F. Austin
• 1835 fully 27,000 Americans and their slaves were
  living in Texas.
• 1830s Mexico outlaws slaves in Texas.

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Push to the Pacific

• The push of Manifest Destiny.
• Election of 1844
• Whigs for President Henry Clay
• Vice-president Theodore Frelinghuysen
• The Democrats for President James K. Polk
• Vice-president George M. Dallas
• Results Polk 170 Clay 105

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War, Expansion and Slavery1846-1850

• The War with Mexico 1846-1848
• A Divisive Victory
• The Compromise of 1850

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Wilmot Proviso

• David Wilmot (1814-1868) in Aug. 1846 introduced
  a resolution stating as an express and
  fundamental condition to any territory acquired
  from Mexiconeither slavery nor involuntary
  servitude shall exist in any part of said
  territory.

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Compromise of 1850

• Things that caused the compromise to happen
• 24 January 1849 discovery of gold in California
  by James W. Marshall on a branch of the American
  River in Eldorado county, in the lower Sacramento
  Valley. By the end of 1849 over 100,000 people
  were looking for gold.

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Off to California
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Gold Mining in California
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Compromise Continued

• Fugitive Slaves An ongoing problem for Southern
  slave owners was the run-away slaves. Run-away
  slaves violated only local laws. Owners wanted
  newer and stronger slave laws.
• A solution to slave trading in Washington D.C.

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Compromise Continued

• Henry Clay introduced a compromise resolutions 29
  January 1850
• Admission of California as a free state
• organization, w/o restriction on slavery of the
  territory acquired from Mexico.
• Adjustment of the Texas/New Mexico boundary.
• Assumption by the U.S. of the Texas public debt.
• Noninterference with slavery in Washington D.C..

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Compromise Continued

• Prohibition of slave trade in the District of
  Columbia.
• Stronger fugitive slave laws.
• Congress had no authority to interfere with the
  interstate slave trade.
• Great debate Last meeting of the Senatorial
  Triumvirate of Calhoun,Clay, and Webster.

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Compromise Continued

• Calhoun enfeebled by illness (dies 31 mar. 1850)
  his speech was read by James M. Mason (Va.) two
  theories was put forth
• Equal access in to the territories.
• doctrine of Concurrent Majority.
• Websters 7 Mar. speech Congress take no action
  on territories acquired from Mexico, soil and
  climate have put a limit to slavery.

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Daniel Webster 1782-1852
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Compromise Continued

• President Zachary Taylor opposed the compromise.
  His main objection was the immediate territorial
  organization of New Mexico and Utah. However he
  died on 9 July 1850. This brought to the
  Presidency Millard Fillmore who favored the
  compromise.

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Compromise Continued

• The compromise is a collection of 5 laws passed
  9-20 sept. 1850
• 9 Sept. Admission of California as a free state.
• 9 Sept. Texas- New Mexico Act .
• 9 Sept. Utah Act.
• 18 Sept. fugitive Slave Act.
• 20 Sept. An act Abolishing the Slave trade in the
  District of Columbia.

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Fugitive Slave Act

• Placed fugitive slaves under exclusive federal
  jurisdiction.
• Created a special U.S. Commissioners who were
  authorized to issue warrants for arrest of
  fugitive slaves.
• An affidavit by claimant was accepted as
  sufficient proof of ownership.

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Fugitive Slave continued

• Authorization of a 10.00 fee for commissioners
  when such a certificate was granted and of only
  5.00 when it was refused.

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Events that will move towards Civil War

• 20 Mar. 1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe published the
  book Uncle Toms Cabin by 1853 over a million
  copies were sold.
• 30 May 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act. The measure
  incorporated the concept of popular
  Sovereignty.
• 18 Oct. 1854 Ostend Manifesto.

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An illustration from Uncle Toms Cabin
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Ostend Manifesto

• 28 Feb. 1854 the merchant vessel Black Warrior
  was seized by Spanish authorities at Havana Cuba
  for an error in the Manifest. Cargo was set
  free. The South clamored for war.
• Pierre Soule U.S. Minister to Spain
• John Y. Mason U.S. Minister to France.

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Ostend Continued

• James Buchanan U.S. Minister to Great Britain met
  in Ostend Belgium and wrote the Ostend Manifesto
  Declaring Cuba indispensable for the security of
  slavery, recommended that the U.S. should make
  every effort to buy Cuba should Spain refuse,
  Then by every law human and divine, we shall be
  justified in wresting it from Spain.

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Bleeding Kansas Lecompton Constitution was
  proslavery, the Topeka Constitution was
  anti-slavery.
• Border Ruffians and Beecher Bibles
• Crimes against Kansas Sen. Charles Sumner, Sen.
  Andrew Butler and Preston Brooks.
• 24-25 May 1856 John Brown at Pottawatomie Creek.

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Dred Scott Decision

• 6 Mar. 1857 Chief Justice Roger Brooks Taney
  announces his decision on the case. The essence
  of the case are as follows
• Dred Scott was not a citizen of the U.S. thus not
  entitled to sue in federal courts.
• Scotts temporary residence in free territory,
  did not make him free.
• Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.

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Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Triumph
1858-1860

• Lincolns early career
• The Republican Politician

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