The Architecture of P

1
The Architecture of Piinis Grammar

• Paul Kiparsky
• Stanford University

2
Piinis Grammar

• from meaning to sound
• explicit grammar
• describes spoken Sanskrit of Piinis time (ca.
  500 B.C. )

3
Pre-Piinian Grammar
Goals

• interpretation of Vedic texts
• correct recitation of Vedic texts

4
Pre-Piinian Grammar
ik?

• speech production
• classification of sounds

5
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6
Phonetic categories
7
Phonetic categories
stops fricatives sonorants
retroflex
palatal
dental
velar
labial
pharyngeal
voicing aspiration pitch nasality
8
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9
Pre-Piinian Grammar
Nirukta (Yska)

• (pseudo-)derivations of Vedic words

10
Pre-Piinian Grammar
kkaÒ? kikÁt? the KkaÒa tribe (is so called
because it is said) what have they done
(Nirukta 6.32)
kh? aknote? kh branch is from
aknoti is able (ibid.)
11
Pre-Piinian Grammar
Prtikhyas

• Vedic sandhi rules
• convert words to connected text

12
adyá upa-tya
adypÇtya
After coming today
13
Piinis Grammar

• A?Òdhyy 4000 rules
• ivasÂtras phonological inventory
• DhtupÒha organized list of 2000 roots
• GaiapÒha list of 261 lists of exceptions

14
Piinis Grammar

• from meaning to sound
• four levels of representation

15
Piinis Grammar

• from meaning to sound
• four levels of representation
• Bronkhorst 1979, Deshpande 1990, 1992,
  Kiparsky Staal 1969, van Nooten 1969

16
1. Semantic Representation
17
1. Semantic Representation
Assignment of krakas (Thematic roles)
2. Morphosyntactic
Representation
18
1. Semantic Representation
Assignment of krakas (Thematic roles)
2. Morphosyntactic
Representation
Morphological spellout rules
3. Morphological Representation
19
1. Semantic Representation
Assignment of krakas (Thematic roles)
2. Morphosyntactic
Representation
Morphological spellout rules
3. Morphological Representation
Allomorphy and phonology
4. Phonological output
form
20
1. Semantic Representation
Assignment of krakas (Thematic roles)
2. Morphosyntactic
Representation
Morphological spellout rules
3. Morphological
Representation
Allomorphy and phonology
vand grµmam adypÇtyaudaná vapatÇnµpci
21
1. Semantic Representation
Assignment of krakas (Thematic roles)
2. Morphosyntactic
Representation
Morphological spellout rules
3. Morphological
Representation
Allomorphy and phonology
vand grµmam adypÇtyaudaná vapatÇnµpci
When vapata came from the forest to the
village today, he cooked some rice.
22
1. Semantic Representation
Assignment of krakas (Thematic roles)
2. Morphosyntactic
Representation
Morphological spellout rules
vána-?asI grµma-am adyá-?i upa-i-Ktv
odaná-sU áva-páti-aˆ-Ú á-ÙUpacA?-Ciˆ-ta
Allomorphy and phonology
vand grµmam adypÇtyaudaná vapatÇnµpci
23
upa-i-Ktv
adypÇtya
After coming today
24

• Morphosyntactic representation of the subordinate
  clause
• upa-i approach, reach (absolutive)
  
• áva-páti-aˆ descendant of Avapati agent
  (kartÁ)
• vána forest source (apdna)
  
• grµma village goal (karman))
  
• adyá today temporal location (adhikaraia,
  kle)

25

• Morphosyntactic representation of the main
  clause
• ÙUpacA?-lu? cook aorist tense
• odaná rice goal (karman)
• áva-páti-aˆ descendant of Avapati agent
  (kartÁ)

26

• Semantic representation
• áva-páti-aˆ is the independent participant
  
• odaná rice is the primary target of the
  cooking event
• grµma village is the primary target of the
  going event
• vána forest is the fixed point with respect to
  a separation
• adyá today is the temporal locus of the event
  
• the cooking occurred previously on the present
  day
• the coming event preceded the cooking event
  

Assignment of krakas (Thematic roles)
Morphosyntactic Representation
27
Not defined in the grammar

• phonetic categories
• meaning categories
• They are presupposed by the grammar.

28
Lexical semantics

• defines thematic roles, which
• provide basis of syntactic argument structure

29
Meaning categories

• carefully chosen,
• reflect philosophy and logic of his time

30
Meaning categories

• sdhakatama most effective means'
• vartamna ongoing time'
• etc.

31
Meaning vs. ontology speaker's intention'

• dhanur vidhyati / dhanu? vidhyati
• the arrow pierces' / he pierces with an
  arrow'
• sthl pacati / sthlym pacati
• the pot cooks' / he cooks in a pot'
• The sentences have different meanings, but
• they are compatible with the same situation.

32
Optionality

• Many inputs correspond to more than one
  grammatical output expression.

33
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34
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35
Directionality

• the derivation starts from meaning
• and builds up a complete interpreted sentence

36
Directionality

• the mapping between levels may depend on
  information from earlier levels

37
Directionality

• the mapping between levels may depend on
  information from earlier levels
• but not on information from later ones.

38
1. Semantic Representation
semantic or morphosyntactic conditions
2. Morphosyntactic
Representation
3. Morphological
Representation
4. Phonological output
form
39
1. Semantic Representation
levels 3 and 4 play no role here
2. Morphosyntactic
Representation
3. Morphological
Representation
4. Phonological output
form
40
1. Semantic Representation
2. Morphosyntactic
Representation
morphosyntactic, morphological, or semantic
conditions
3. Morphological
Representation
4. Phonological output
form
41
1. Semantic Representation
2. Morphosyntactic
Representation
level 4 plays no role here
3. Morphological
Representation
4. Phonological output
form
42
1. Semantic Representation
2. Morphosyntactic
Representation
3. Morphological
Representation
semantic, morphosyntactic, morphological, and
phonological conditions
4. Phonological output
form
43
6.2.48 pratyabhivde Âdre In a response to a
respectful greeting, except to a Âdra member
of the fourth caste, the last vowel is
high-pitched and extra-long
bho µyu?mn edhi devadattµ3 may you live long,
Devadatta'

• Phonology can be sensitive to meaning

44
N-Instr N ? NN
áhihata? killed by a snake (Agent)
rathaytá? traveled by cart (Instrument)
45
6.2.48 tÁty karmaii If the initial member of
a compound has a deleted instrumental case, it
keeps its original accent when the second member
is a past participle that denotes a karmai (i.e.
a passive)
a. áhihata? áhi-Ú- han-Ktá-sU
snake-Instr kill-PP-Nom killed by a snake
b. rathaytá? rátha-Ú-y-Ktá-sU
cart-Instr- go-PP-Nom traveled by
cart

• Phonology can be sensitive to morphosyntax

46
Directionality

• morphology and phonology allow destructive
  (non-monotonic) operations, e.g. deletion and
  replacement

47
Directionality

• morphology and phonology allow destructive
  (non-monotonic) operations, e.g. deletion and
  replacement
• the others do not

48
Directionality in processing

• The higher the level, the less the computation
  needs to know.
• The phonology needs information about all levels.
• Therefore, top-to-bottom processing of rules is
  most economical.

49
Use vs. design of the grammar

• The design of the grammar is directional.
• Its use by the speech community was
  bidirectional.

50
Directionality

• The design of Piini's grammar is determined
  by the linguistic givens and the principle of
  simplicity only.

51
Rules

• Format
• AGen BNom CAbl DLoc A? B in env. C__D

52
Phonology
53
a-lav-is-dhvam ? alavidhvam you cut for
yourselves'
8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen lopa?Nom before dh, s
is deleted
AGen BNom CAbl DLoc A? B in env. C__D lopa
null'
54
a-lav-is-dhvam ? alavidhvam you cut for
yourselves'
8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen lopa?Nom before dh, s
is deleted
AGen BNom CAbl DLoc A? B in env. C__D lopa
null'
55
a-lav-is-dhvam ? alavidhvam you cut for
yourselves'
8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen lopa?Nom before dh, s
is deleted
AGen BNom CAbl DLoc A? B in env. C__D lopa
null'
56
Convention
1.1.68 sva rÂpa abdasyabdasaj an
expression other than a technical term that
denotes a linguistic expression denotes its own
form
57
a-bhid-s-ta ? abhitta he split'
8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen lopa?Nom between
obstruents, s is deleted
58
ivasÂtras phonological classes
59

• a i u ˆ
• Á Î K
• e o ?
• ai au C
• h y v r Ú
• l ˆ
• m Ô i n M
• jh bh
• gh Ûh dh ?
• j b g Û d
• kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V
• 12. k p Y
• ? s R
• h L

60

• a i u
  ˆ
• Á Î K
• e o ?
• ai au C
• h y v r Ú
• l ˆ
• m Ô i n M
• jh bh
• gh Ûh dh ?
• j b g Û d
• kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V
• 12. k p Y
• ? s R
• h L

61

• a i u
  ˆ
• Á Î
  K
• e o ?
• ai au C
• h y v r Ú
• l ˆ
• m Ô i n M
• jh bh
• gh Ûh dh ?
• j b g Û d
• kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V
• 12. k p Y
• ? s R
• h L

62

• a i u
  ˆ
• Á Î
  K
• e o ?
• ai au C
• h y v r Ú
• l ˆ
• m Ô i n M
• jh bh
• gh Ûh dh ?
• j b g Û d
• kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V
• 12. k p Y
• ? s R
• h L

63

• a i u
  ˆ
• Á Î
  K
• e o ?
• ai au
  C
• h y v r Ú
• l ˆ
• m Ô i n M
• jh bh
• gh Ûh dh ?
• j b g Û d
• kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V
• 12. k p Y
• ? s R
• h L

64

• a i u
  ˆ
• Á Î
  K
• e o ?
• ai au
  C
• h y v r
  Ú
• l ˆ
• m Ô i n M
• jh bh
• gh Ûh dh ?
• j b g Û d
• kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V
• 12. k p Y
• ? s R
• h L

65

• a i u
  ˆ
• Á Î
  K
• e o ?
• ai au
  C
• h y v r
  Ú
• l
  ˆ
• m Ô i n M
• jh bh
• gh Ûh dh ?
• j b g Û d
• kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V
• 12. k p Y
• ? s R
• h L

66

• a i u
  ˆ
• Á Î
  K
• e o ?
• ai au
  C
• h y v r
  Ú
• l
  ˆ
• m Ô i n
  M
• jh bh
• gh Ûh dh ?
• j b g Û d
• kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V
• 12. k p Y
• ? s R
• h L

67

• a i u
  ˆ
• Á Î
  K
• e o ?
• ai au
  C
• h y v r
  Ú
• l
  ˆ
• m Ô i n
  M
• jh bh
  
• gh Ûh dh ?
• j b g Û d
• kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V
• 12. k p Y
• ? s R
• h L

68

• a i u
  ˆ
• Á Î
  K
• e o ?
• ai au
  C
• h y v r
  Ú
• l
  ˆ
• m Ô i n
  M
• jh bh
  
• gh Ûh dh
  ?
• j b g Û d
• kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V
• 12. k p Y
• ? s R
• h L

69

• a i u
  ˆ
• Á Î
  K
• e o ?
• ai au
  C
• h y v r
  Ú
• l
  ˆ
• m Ô i n
  M
• jh bh
  
• gh Ûh dh
  ?
• j b g Û d
  
• kh ph ch Òh th c Ò t V
• 12. k p Y
• ? s R
• h L

70

• a i u
  ˆ
• Á Î
  K
• e o ?
• ai au
  C
• h y v r
  Ú
• l
  ˆ
• m Ô i n
  M
• jh bh
  
• gh Ûh dh
  ?
• j b g Û d
  
• kh ph ch Òh th
• c Ò
  t V
• 12. k p Y
• ? s R
• h L

71

• a i u
  ˆ
• Á Î
  K
• e o ?
• ai au
  C
• h y v r
  Ú
• l
  ˆ
• m Ô i n
  M
• jh bh
  
• gh Ûh dh
  ?
• j b g Û d
  
• kh ph ch Òh th
• c Ò
  t V
• 12. k p
  Y
• ? s R
• h L

72

• a i u
  ˆ
• Á Î
  K
• e o ?
• ai au
  C
• h y v r
  Ú
• l
  ˆ
• m Ô i n
  M
• jh bh
  
• gh Ûh dh
  ?
• j b g Û d
  
• kh ph ch Òh th
• c Ò
  t V
• 12. k p
  Y
• ? s
  R
• h L

73

• a i u
  ˆ
• Á Î
  K
• e o ?
• ai au
  C
• h y v r
  Ú
• l
  ˆ
• m Ô i n
  M
• jh bh
  
• gh Ûh dh
  ?
• j b g Û d
  
• kh ph ch Òh th
• c Ò
  t V
• 12. k p
  Y
• ? s
  R
• h
  L

74
Convention
If xq is followed by the marker Q, then xpQ
denotes the set of elements xp, xp1, xp2, ...
xq lopa null'
75
a-bhid-s-ta ? abhitta he split'
jhal obstruent' pa null'
8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa?Nom between obstruents, s is deleted
76

• a i u
  ˆ
• Á Î
  K
• e o ?
• ai au
  C
• h y v r
  Ú
• l
  ˆ
• m Ô i n
  M
• jh bh
  
• gh Ûh dh
  ?
• j b g Û d
  
• kh ph ch Òh th
• c Ò
  t V
• 12. k p
  Y
• ? s
  R
• h
  L

77
a-bhid-s-ta ? abhitta he split'
jhal obstruent' lopa null'
8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa?Nom between obstruents, s is deleted
AGen BNom CAbl DLoc A? B in env. C__D
78
a-bhid-s-ta ? abhitta he split'
jhal obstruent' lopa null'
8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa?Nom between obstruents, s is deleted
AGen BNom CAbl DLoc A? B in env. C__D
79
Perfection
80
The ivasÂtras are perfect
http//www.stanford.edu/kiparsky/Papers/siva-t.pd
f http//user.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/peterse
n/slides/ICCS05_Petersen.pdf http//user.phil-fak.
uni-duesseldorf.de/petersen/slides/Petersen_MOL8_
2003_slides.pdf
81
Blocking
82
go-mnt-s ? gomn
8.2.23 sayogntasyaGen padasyaGen lopa?Nom
the final segment of a consonant cluster is
deleted at the end of a word
83
a-tsr-s ? atsr but a-mrj-s ? amrÒ (amr)
8.2.24 rt sasyaGen padasyaGen lopa?Nom
word-final s is deleted after r
84
a-tsr-s ? atsr but a-mrj-s ? amrÒ (amr)
8.2.24 rt sasyaGen padasyaGen lopa?Nom
word-final s is deleted after
r Interpretation word-final s is deleted
only after r
85
vac-tum ? vaktum
8.2.30 co?Gen ku?Nom jhaliLoc padasyaGen
anteLoc ca palatals (cu) are replaced by velars
(ku) before an obstruent (jhal) and at the end
of a word
86
cu palatals, ku velars

87
Convention
1.1.68 sva rÂpa abdasyabdasaj an
expression other than a technical term that
denotes a linguistic expression denotes its own
form 1.1.69 aiudit savariasya cpratyaya? a
vowel, liquid, or glide, an item marked with U,
which are not suffixes, denote (their own form
and) also homorganic items
88
So why not
vac-tum ? vagtum vac-tum ? vakhtum, etc.?
8.2.30 co?Gen ku?Nom jhaliLoc padasyaGen
anteLoc ca palatals (cu) are replaced by velars
(ku) before an obstruent (jhal) and at the end
of a word
89
Convention
1.1.50 sthne ntaratama? in replacing, the
closest
90
Dittoing
91
8.2.23 padasyaGen sayogntasyaGen lopa?
Nom 8.2.24 padasyaGen sayogntasyaGen rtAbl
sasyaGen lopa? Nom 8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa? Nom 8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa? Nom 8.2.27 hrasvdAbl aÔgtAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa? Nom 8.2.28 iÒa?Abl ÒiLoc
sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.29 sko?GenDu
sayogdyorGenDu jhaliLoc lopa?Nom 8.2.29
sko?GenDu sayogdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa?Nom 8.2.30 co?Gen jhaliLoc ku?Nom 8.2.30
co?Gen padasyaGen anteLoc ku?Nom
92
8.2.23 padasyaGen sayogntasyaGen
lopa?Nom 8.2.24 padasyaGen sayogntasyaGen
rtAbl sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.25 dhiLoc
sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.26 jhaloAbl
jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.27
hrasvdAbl aÔgtAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopa?Nom 8.2.28 iÒa?Abl ÒiLoc sasyaGen
lopa?Nom 8.2.29 sko?GenDu sayogdyorGenDu
jhaliLoc lopa?Nom 8.2.29 sko?GenDu
sayogdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc lopa?Nom
8.2.30 co?Gen jhaliLoc ku?Nom 8.2.30
co?Gen padasyaGen anteLoc ku?Nom
93
8.1.16 padasyaGen 8.2.23 padasyaGen
sayogntasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.24
padasyaGen sayogntasyaGen rtAbl sasyaGen
lopa?Nom 8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa?Nom 8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.27 hrasvdAbl aÔgtAbl
jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.28 iÒa?Abl
ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.29 sko?GenDu
sayogdyorGenDu jhaliLoc lopa?Nom 8.2.29
sko?GenDu sayogdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa?Nom 8.2.30 co?Gen jhaliLoc
ku?Nom 8.2.30 co?Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku?Nom
94
8.1.16 padasyaGen 8.2.23 padasyaGen
sayogntasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.24
padasyaGen sayogntasyaGen rtAbl sasyaGen
lopa?Nom 8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa?Nom 8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.27 hrasvdAbl aÔgtAbl
jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.28 iÒa?Abl
ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.29 sko?GenDu
sayogdyorGenDu jhaliLoc lopa?Nom 8.2.29
sko?GenDu ssayogdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa?Nom 8.2.30 co?Gen jhaliLoc
ku?Nom 8.2.30 co?Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku?Nom
95
8.1.16 padasyaGen 8.2.23 padasyaGen
sayogntasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.24
padasyaGen sayogntasyaGen rtAbl sasyaGen
lopa?Nom 8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa?Nom 8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.27 hrasvdAbl aÔgtAbl
jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.28 iÒa?Abl
ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.29 sko?GenDu
sayogdyorGenDu jhaliLoc lopa?Nom 8.2.29
sko?GenDu sayogdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa?Nom 8.2.30 co?Gen jhaliLoc
ku?Nom 8.2.30 co?Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku?Nom
96
8.1.16 padasyaGen 8.2.23 padasyaGen
sayogntasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.24
padasyaGen sayogntasyaGen rtAbl sasyaGen
lopa?Nom 8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa?Nom 8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.27 hrasvdAbl aÔgtAbl
jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.28 iÒa?Abl
ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.29 sko?GenDu
sayogdyorGenDu jhaliLoc lopa?Nom 8.2.29
sko?GenDu sayogdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa?Nom 8.2.30 co?Gen jhaliLoc
ku?Nom 8.2.30 co?Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku?Nom
97
8.1.16 padasyaGen 8.2.23 padasyaGen
sayogntasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.24
padasyaGen sayogntasyaGen rtAbl sasyaGen
lopa?Nom 8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa?Nom 8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.27 hrasvdAbl aÔgtAbl
jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.28 iÒa?Abl
ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.29 sko?GenDu
sayogdyorGenDu jhaliLoc lopa?Nom 8.2.29
sko?GenDu sayogdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa?Nom 8.2.30 co?Gen jhaliLoc
ku?Nom 8.2.30 co?Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku?Nom
98
8.1.16 padasyaGen 8.2.23 padasyaGen
sayogntasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.24
padasyaGen sayogntasyaGen rtAbl sasyaGen
lopa?Nom 8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa?Nom 8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.27 hrasvdAbl aÔgtAbl
jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.28 iÒa?Abl
ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.29 sko?GenDu
sayogdyorGenDu jhaliLoc lopa?Nom 8.2.29
sko?GenDu sayogdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa?Nom 8.2.30 co?Gen jhaliLoc
ku?Nom 8.2.30 co?Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku?Nom
99
8.1.16 padasyaGen 8.2.23 padasyaGen
sayogntasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.24
padasyaGen sayogntasyaGen rtAbl sasyaGen
lopa?Nom 8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa?Nom 8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.27 hrasvdAbl aÔgtAbl
jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.28 iÒa?Abl
ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.29 sko?GenDu
sayogdyorGenDu jhaliLoc lopa?Nom 8.2.29
sko?GenDu sayogdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa?Nom 8.2.30 co?Gen jhaliLoc
ku?Nom 8.2.30 co?Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku?Nom
100
8.1.16 padasyaGen 8.2.23 padasyaGen
sayogntasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.24
padasyaGen sayogntasyaGen rtAbl sasyaGen
lopa?Nom 8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa?Nom 8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.27 hrasvdAbl aÔgtAbl
jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.28 iÒa?Abl
ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.29 sko?GenDu
sayogdyorGenDu jhaliLoc lopa?Nom 8.2.29
sko?GenDu sayogdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
lopa?Nom 8.2.30 co?Gen jhaliLoc
ku?Nom 8.2.30 co?Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku?Nom
101
8.1.16 padasyaGen 8.2.23 padasyaGen
sayogntasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.24
padasyaGen sayogntasyaGen rtAbl sasyaGen
lopa?Nom 8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa?Nom 8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.27 hrasvdAbl aÔgtAbl
jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.28 iÒa?Abl
ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.29 sko?GenDu
sayogdyorGenDu jhaliLoc lopa?Nom 8.2.29
sko?GenDu sayogdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca
lopa?Nom 8.2.30 co?Gen jhaliLoc
ku?Nom 8.2.30 co?Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku?Nom
102
8.1.16 padasyaGen 8.2.23 padasyaGen
sayogntasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.24
padasyaGen sayogntasyaGen rtAbl sasyaGen
lopa?Nom 8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa?Nom 8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.27 hrasvdAbl aÔgtAbl
jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.28 iÒa?Abl
ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.29 sko?GenDu
sayogdyorGenDu jhaliLoc lopa?Nom 8.2.29
sko?GenDu sayogdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca
lopa?Nom 8.2.30 co?Gen jhaliLoc
ku?Nom 8.2.30 co?Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku?Nom
103
8.1.16 padasyaGen 8.2.23 padasyaGen
sayogntasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.24
padasyaGen sayogntasyaGen rtAbl sasyaGen
lopa?Nom 8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopa?Nom 8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.27 hrasvdAbl aÔgtAbl
jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.28 iÒa?Abl
ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.29 sko?GenDu
sayogdyorGenDu jhaliLoc lopa?Nom 8.2.29
sko?GenDu sayogdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca
lopa?Nom 8.2.30 co?Gen jhaliLoc
ku?Nom 8.2.30 co?Gen padasyaGen anteLoc
ku?Nom
104
8.1.16 padasyaGen 8.2.23 padasyaGen
sayogntasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.24
padasyaGen sayogàntasyaGen rtAbl sasyaGen
lopaþNom 8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopaþNom 8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.27 hrasvdAbl aÔgtAbl
jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.28 iÒa?Abl
ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.29 sko?GenDu
sayogdyorGenDu jhaliLoc lopaþNom 8.2.29
skoþGenDu sayogàdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca
lopaþNom 8.2.30 co?Gen jhaliLoc
ku?Nom 8.2.30 coþGen padasyaGen anteLoc
kuþNom
105
8.1.16 padasyaGen 8.2.23
sayogntasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.24 padasyaGen
sayogàntasyaGen rtAbl sasyaGen
lopaþNom 8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopaþNom 8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.27 hrasvdAbl aÔgtAbl
jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.28 iÒa?Abl
ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.29 sko?GenDu
sayogdyorGenDu jhaliLoc lopaþNom 8.2.29
skoþGenDu sayogàdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca
lopaþNom 8.2.30 co?Gen jhaliLoc
ku?Nom 8.2.30 coþGen padasyaGen anteLoc
kuþNom
106
8.1.16 padasyaGen 8.2.23
sayogntasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.24 rtAbl
sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.25 dhiLoc sasyaGen
lopaþNom 8.2.26 jhaloAbl jhaliLoc
sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.27 hrasvdAbl aÔgtAbl
jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.28 iÒa?Abl
ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.29 sko?GenDu
sayogdyorGenDu jhaliLoc lopaþNom 8.2.29
skoþGenDu sayogàdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca
lopaþNom 8.2.30 co?Gen jhaliLoc
ku?Nom 8.2.30 coþGen padasyaGen anteLoc
kuþNom
107
8.1.16 padasyaGen 8.2.23
sayogntasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.24 rtAbl
sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.25 dhiLoc ca
sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.26 jhaloAbl
jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.27
hrasvdAbl aÔgtAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen
lopaþNom 8.2.28 iÒa?Abl ÒiLoc sasyaGen
lopaþNom 8.2.29 sko?GenDu sayogdyorGenDu
jhaliLoc lopaþNom 8.2.29 skoþGenDu
sayogàdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc ca
lopaþNom 8.2.30 co?Gen jhaliLoc
ku?Nom 8.2.30 coþGen padasyaGen anteLoc
kuþNom
108
8.1.16 padasyaGen 8.2.23
sayogntasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.24 rtAbl
sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.25 dhiLoc ca
sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.26 jhaloAbl
jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.27 hrasvdAbl
aÔgtAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.28
iÒa?Abl ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.29
sko?GenDu sayogdyorGenDu jhaliLoc
lopaþNom 8.2.29 skoþGenDu sayogàdyorGenDu
padasyaGen anteLoc ca lopaþNom 8.2.30
co?Gen jhaliLoc ku?Nom 8.2.30 coþGen
padasyaGen anteLoc kuþNom
109
8.1.16 padasyaGen 8.2.23
sayogntasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.24 rtAbl
sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.25 dhiLoc ca
sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.26 jhaloAbl
jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.27 hrasvdAbl
aÔgtAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.28
iÒa?Abl ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.29
sko?GenDu sayogdyorGenDu lopaþNom 8.2.29
skoþGenDu sayogàdyorGenDu padasyaGen anteLoc
ca lopaþNom 8.2.30 co?Gen jhaliLoc
ku?Nom 8.2.30 coþGen padasyaGen anteLoc
kuþNom
110
8.1.16 padasyaGen 8.2.23
sayogntasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.24 rtAbl
sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.25 dhiLoc ca
sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.26 jhaloAbl
jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.27 hrasvdAbl
aÔgtAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.28
iÒa?Abl ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.29
sko?GenDu sayogdyorGenDu anteLoc ca
lopaþNom 8.2.30 co?Gen jhaliLoc
ku?Nom 8.2.30 coþGen padasyaGen anteLoc
kuþNom
111
8.1.16 padasyaGen 8.2.23
sayogntasyaGen lopa?Nom 8.2.24 rtAbl
sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.25 dhiLoc ca
sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.26 jhaloAbl
jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.27 hrasvdAbl
aÔgtAbl jhaliLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.28
iÒa?Abl ÒiLoc sasyaGen lopaþNom 8.2.29
sko?GenDu sayogdyorGenDu anteLoc ca
lopaþNom 8.2.30 co?Gen ku?Nom oþGen
padasyaGen anteLoc kuþNom
112
The division of labor in morphology
Conditioning factors

• root-based derivation (kÁts) --- morphosyntax

• stem-based derivation (taddhitas) --- semantics
  

• compounding (samsa) --- case morphology

(Joshi 2001)
113
Semantics
stem-based derivation
Phonology
114
Semantics
Morphosyntax
stem-based root-based
case compounds
Phonology
115
The division of labor in morphology

• root derivation (kÁts) based on morphosyntax

116
The division of labor in morphology

• primary derivation (kÁts) based on morphosyntax

Derivation of upÇtya having gone samnakartÁka
yo? pÂrvakle of two actions with the same
agent, ktv expresses the agent of the
earlier action
117
The division of labor in morphology

• stem-based derivation (taddhitas) based on
  semantics

ávapati-aˆ ? vapata descendant of Avapati
118
The division of labor in morphology

• compounding (samsa) based on case morphology

N-Instr N ? NN
áhihata? killed by a snake (Agent)
rathaytá? traveled by cart (Instrument)
119
2TSyntactic motivation two kinds of
case alternations
2 Example Accusative / Instrumental
120
2 a. ak?n dvyati dice-Acc gambles he
plays dice', he gambles with dice'
2 b. ak?air dvyati dice-Instr gambles
he plays dice', he gambles with dice'
121
The basic expression of the Instrument role
(karaia) is instrumental case
kartÁkaraiayos tÁty anabhihite Agent-Instr-Loc
third-Nom the third (triplet of case endings)
expresses Agent or Instrument' if not already
expressed.
122
The basic expression of the Goal/Patient role
(karman) is either accusative case, or the
finite verb endings (la)
karmaii dvity anabhihite karman-Loc
second-Nom the second (triplet of case endings)
expresses karman (Goal/Patient)' if not
already expressed.
123
The basic expression of the Goal/Patient role
(karman) is either accusative case, or the finite
verb endings (la)
la? karmaii ca bhve ckarmakebhya? kartari
anabhihite the finite verb endings express
karman (Goal/Patient), activity (with
intransitives), and kartÁ (Agent), if these are
not already expressed.'
124
Analysis of divAcc as quirky Theta-role
125
Meaning most effective means'
(opt., with div gamble')
Th-role Instrument Goal/Patient
Case instrumental accusative
126
Meaning most effective means'
(opt., with div gamble')
Th-role Instrument Goal/Patient
Case instrumental accusative
127
Analysis of huInstr as quirky case
128
3a. ajyam juhoti ghee-Acc pours he
makes an offering of (with) ghee', he pours
ghee as an oblation
b. ajyena juhoti
ghee-Instr pours he makes an offering of (with)
ghee', he pours ghee as an oblation
129
Meaning agents main target
Th-role Goal/Patient
(opt., with hu pour')
Case instrumental accusative
130
Meaning agents main target
Th-role Goal/Patient
(opt., with hu pour')
Case instrumental accusative
131
Why not the other way round?
132
Meaning most effective means'
Th-role Instrument
(opt., with div gamble')
Case instrumental accusative
133
and
134
Meaning agents main target
(opt., with hu pour')
Th-role Instrument Goal/Patient
Case instrumental accusative
135
Goal/Patient role
kartur psitatama karma agent-Gen
most-aimed-at-Nom karman the primary target of
the kartÁ agent' is called karman'.
136
Instrument role
sdhakatama karaiam most-effective-Nom
karaia the participant which is the most
effective means is called karaia.
137
Instrument role
diva? karma ca div-Gen karman and the
participant of div which is the most effective
means is also called karman'.
138
The basic expression of the Instrument role
(karaia) is instrumental case
kartÁkaraiayos tÁty anabhihite Agent-Instr-Loc
third-Nom the third (triplet of case endings)
expresses Agent or Instrument' if not already
expressed.
139
The basic expression of the Goal/Patient role
(karman) is either accusative case, or the
finite verb endings (la)
karmaii dvity anabhihite karman-Loc
second-Nom the second (triplet of case endings)
expresses karman (Goal/Patient)' if not
already expressed.
140
The basic expression of the Goal/Patient role
(karman) is either accusative case, or the finite
verb endings (la)
la? karmaii ca bhve ckarmakebhya? kartari
anabhihite the finite verb endings express
karman (Goal/Patient), activity (with
intransitives), and kartÁ (Agent), if these are
not already expressed.'
141
Why not the other way round?
142
The wrong analysis of divAcc as quirky case
143
Meaning most effective means'
Th-role Instrument
Case instrumental accusative (opt., with
div gamble')
144

• two arguments
  

145
Argument 1 passives
2 a. ak?? dvyante dice-Nom gamble-3Pl
dice are played'
b. ak?n dvyate dice-Acc gamble-3Sg
dice are played'
146
Argument 2 genitive Goal/Patient (action
nominals)
2 a. ak?i devanam dice-Gen gambling
playing (of) dice'
b. paraun chedanam
axes-Gen cutting cutting with axes'
147
Genitive expresses karman (and kartÁ), not karaia
kartÁkarmaio? kÁti ?a?Òh anabhihite Agent-Goa
l-Loc kÁt-Loc the sixth (triplet of case
endings) expresses Agent or Goal/Patient in
conjunction with a kÁt form if not already
expressed.'
148
Another wrong analysis of divAcc as quirky case
149
Meaning most effective means'
Th-role Goal/Patient
Case instrumental accusative (opt., with
div gamble')
150

• four arguments
  

151
Argument 1 loss of generalization
On this analysis, div has two unrelated
idiosyncratic properties

• quirky case

152
Meaning most effective means'
Th-role Goal/Patient
Case instrumental accusative (opt., with
div gamble')
153
Argument 1 loss of generalization
On this analysis, div has two unrelated
idiosyncratic properties

• quirky case

• and quirky Th-role

154
Meaning most effective means'
Th-role Goal/Patient
Case instrumental accusative (opt., with
div gamble')
155
Argument 2 -ana nominals (LyuÚ)
devana-
2 a.
a. act of gambling
b. die (instrument for gambling)
156
LyuÚ expresses Instrument, Location, Activity.
157
LyuÚ expresses Instrument, Location, Activity.
havana- oblation, ladle
2 a.
a. act of pouring an oblation

b. instrument for pouring
158
lyuÒ ca napusake bhve LyuÚ is also affixed
to a verbal root to express process, in the
neuter gender'.
karaidhikaraiayo ca lyuÒ LyuÚ is also
affixed to a verbal root to express karaia and
adhikaraia'.