Rome

1
Rome

• Chris Anderson
• Randolph-Henry High School
• Charlotte County
• andersoncm_at_ccps.k12.va.us

2
Italian Geography

• The Romans developed their civilization on the
  Italian Peninsulaa boot shaped peninsula located
  in southern Europe
• The peninsula divides the Mediterranean Sea in
  half
• The Peninsula is a natural location for trade in
  the region

3
Italian Geography
4
Italian Geography

• Italys climatemild
• The peninsula has lots of farmland75 of Italy
  contains arable land
• Mountains in the norththe Alpsact as natural
  barriers to protect Italy
• Italy has very few natural harbors

5
Etruscans

• The Etruscans came into Italy around 900 BC
• Historians do not really know from where the
  Etruscans came
• They used an alphabet similar to Greekbut
  historians have yet to understand the language

6
Etruscans

• Historians learned about the people from their
  art
• Wonderful frescos
• Lots of sculptures
• Etruscans had a class system
• Wealthy overlords
• Priests
• Slaves

7
The Rise of Rome

• The city of Rome was created by a group called
  the Latins
• Roman legend said the city was created by two
  legendary brothersRomulus and Remes
• In realitythe Latins created villages on the 7
  hills around the Tiber River
• Over time, the villages grew so large that the
  people decided to create a city--Rome

8
The Rise of Rome

• 600s BCthe Etruscans took over Rome and turned
  the Latins into slaves
• The Etruscans brought useful innovations to the
  city
• Taught the Latins to build with brick and tile
• Drained marshes to create more farmland and to
  help eliminate the mosquitoes
• Created the idea of the Forumpublic square

9
The Rise of Rome

• 534 BCa new Etruscan king came to power
• He was very cruel to the Latin people
• 509 BCthe Latins rebelled, driving out the
  Etruscan king and his court
• Rome will never be ruled by a king again
• The Latins created a Republic in Rome

10
The Rise of Rome

• After the Latins had reclaimed their city, a new
  social order took hold
• Rome was composed of 2 social classes
• Patricians
• The wealthy aristocrats and Latin nobles
• Plebeians
• Everyone else of Rome

11
The Rise of Rome

• Both Patricians and Plebeians shared some rights
  and responsibilities
• Both could vote
• Both were required to pay taxes
• Both were expected to serve in the military
• But the Patricians were the only class that could
  hold public office

12
The Rise of Rome

• The Patricians created 2 branches of government
  to rule the Roman Republic
• Executive BranchConsuls
• 2 consuls ruled over the Republic
• Both were elected for 1-year terms
• Both consuls had to agree before any action could
  be taken
• Legislative BranchSenate and Assembly of
  Centuries
• Both legislative branches were controlled by
  Patricians

13
The Rise of Rome

• Only 1 person could overrule the Roman consulsa
  dictator
• Dictators were temporary in Rome
• Dictators could only rule in Rome during a crisis
  and were to step down when the crisis was over

14
Plebeian v. Patrician

• The plebeians were upset at having no real say in
  the government of Rome
• The patricians could do just about anything they
  wanted because the patricians were running the
  Roman government
• The plebeians wanted more voice in Roman politics

15
Plebeian v. Patrician

• 494 BCthe plebeians went on strike
• The plebeians refused to serve in the military
• Since the plebeians constituted the majority of
  the military, their refusal would leave Rome with
  virtually no defenses
• The plebeians then threatened to leave Rome and
  create their own republic
• This would have left Rome with no workforce

16
Plebeian v. Patrician

• The patricians gave in to the plebeians demands
• Plebeians would get their own representatives in
  governmenttribunes
• Tribunes had veto power over any government
  decision
• Tribunes could not be arrested
• The Assembly of Tribesthe body that elected each
  tribunewas also recognized

17
Plebeian v. Patrician

• The plebeians also wanted Roman law to be written
  down
• The patricians agreed
• 431 BCRoman laws were written on the 12
  Tables12 bronze tablets

18
Plebeian v. Patrician

• 287 BCthe plebeians gained even more political
  power over Rome
• The Assembly of Tribes was given the right to
  make all of Romes lawsturning Rome into a
  Democracy

19
Religion and Family

• The Romans adopted the Greek gods, but changed
  their names
• AphroditeVenus
• AresMars
• HeraJuno
• ZeusJupiter
• Athena--Minerva

20
Religion and Family

• The Roman family was controlled by the father
• The father also controlled the families of his
  married sons
• Women had few rights
• Some women could own land and businesses
• Many wealthy women could read Greek

21
Roman Expansion and Crisis

• To protect the city from invasion, the Romans
  began to take over their neighbors and force them
  into alliances
• By 264 BCRome had taken over the entire Italian
  Peninsula
• Romes use of Legions made the military quicker
  and more efficient

22
Roman Expansion and Crisis

• At first, the Romans copied the Greek military
  system of phalanxes
• The phalanxes were too large and too slow for the
  Romans
• The Roman generals then created Legions
• Consisted of 6,000 men
• Broken down into units of 60-120 men
• The smaller units were quicker and easier to
  maneuver

23
Roman Expansion and Crisis
24
Roman Expansion and Crisis

• Roman soldiers were very well trained and very
  skilled
• Soldiers were well disciplined and followed
  orders very well

25
Roman Expansion and Crisis

• The Romans treated their conquered victims rather
  well
• Many areas were allowed to keep their governments
  and kings if they agreed to help Rome in future
  wars
• Many captured people were given citizenship in
  Rome

26
Roman Expansion and Crisis

• Rome also created military colonies in Italy
• The colonies acted as buffersto defend the city
  of Rome if anyone attempted to attack the city
• The Romans built roads to link the different
  colonies to Rome
• The roads were very well constructed

27
Roman Expansion and Crisis
28
Roman Expansion and Crisis
29
Punic WarsRome v. Carthage

• Rome will begin to face challenges from a former
  Phoenician colonyCarthage
• Carthage was located in Northern Africa
• 300 BCCarthage bean expanding into the
  Mediterranean as a way of helping its trade
• Carthage took over the island of Sicilyjust off
  the toe of the Italian peninsula
• By 264 BCCarthage was about to take the Straits
  of Messinabetween Sicily and Italy

30
Punic WarsRome v. Carthage
31
Punic WarsRome v. Carthage
32
Punic WarsRome v. Carthage

• Because Carthage was advancing toward Rome, Rome
  will go to war to defend the Peninsula
• What resulted was a series of 3 warsthe Punic
  Wars

33
Punic WarsRome v. Carthage

• 1st Punic War (264-241 BC)
• 264 BCto keep Carthage from taking the Straits
  of Messina, Rome sent its legions into Sicily and
  captured Carthages Sicilian colonies
• Carthage retaliated with their very strong navy
• Rome was forced to build a navy

34
Punic WarsRome v. Carthage

• 1st Punic War
• Both navies met to do battle off of the coast of
  Northern Africa
• Rome used grappling hooks to pull Carthages
  ships close
• The Roman soldiers would board the enemy ships
  and fight to the death

35
Punic WarsRome v. Carthage

• 1st Punic War
• Rome defeated Carthage in the naval battle in 241
  BC
• Carthage was forced to give up its Sicilian
  holdings

36
Punic WarsRome v. Carthage

• 2nd Punic War (218-202 BC)
• 221 BCCarthage wanted to exact revenge on Rome
• Carthages leading generalHannibalwas in
  Spainhe was only 25 years old
• 218 BCHannibal attempted to draw Rome into a war
  by attacking one of Romes allies
• The attempt failed to bring Rome into Spain

37
Punic WarsRome v. Carthage

• 2nd Punic War
• Hannibal then set out to invade the Italian
  peninsula
• He decided to take 40,000 men and 40 elephants on
  his land trek from Spain to Italy

38
Punic WarsRome v. Carthage

• 2nd Punic War
• Hannibals route led him over the Alps
• His men were not equipped for the cold and harsh
  conditions of the Alps
• Half of Hannibals army died in the attempt to
  cross the alps
• Nearly all of the elephants died

39
(No Transcript)
40
Punic WarsRome v. Carthage

• 2nd Punic War
• Although with a small force, Hannibal met with
  lots of success in Northern Italy
• All Roman armies sent to stop Hannibal were
  defeated
• Rome began raising volunteer legions under
  General Publius Scipio

41
Punic WarsRome v. Carthage

• 2nd Punic War
• Scipio developed a plan to defeat Hannibal
• Attack the city of Carthage to draw Hannibal out
  of Italy
• Scipios plan worked
• Carthage called Hannibal out of Italy to come and
  help defend Carthage

42
Punic WarsRome v. Carthage

• 2nd Punic War
• 202 BCScipio and his volunteer legions defeated
  Hannibal in the Battle of Zama
• Carthage gave up all of their land in Spain

43
Punic WarsRome v. Carthage

• 3rd Punic War (149 BC)
• 149 BCCarthage was at war with one of Romes
  allies
• Rome saw this as an opportunity to finally get
  rid of Carthage
• Rome invaded Carthage and burned the city to the
  ground
• Rome turned the people into slaves
• Soldiers put salt in the ground to keep food from
  growing

44
Roman Republic in Crisis

• Between 230 and 202 BCRome had taken over most
  of the Atlantic coast of Europe
• Spain
• France
• England
• 188 BCRome took Asia Minormodern day Turkey

45
Roman Republic in Crisis

• 133 BCRome forced Syria and Egypt into an
  alliance with Rome
• By 130 BCRome had taken over all of the
  Mediterranean regionfrom Spain to Asia Minor
• The Romans called the Mediterranean Sea their
  little lake

46
Roman Republic in Crisis
47
Roman Republic in Crisis

• Ruling such a large area was very difficult for
  Rome
• Rome began to face severe political and economic
  problems
• To help rule the large land holdings, the Roman
  government made all of the non-Italian areas into
  provinces

48
Roman Republic in Crisis

• Each province was required to pay tribute to Rome
• Most of the taxes collected never reached Rome,
  but stayed in the pockets of the tax collectors
• The people knew their money was being stolen
• The people began to rebel

49
Roman Republic in Crisis

• Many poor farmers flocked to the city of Rome
  because of
• The low cost of food
• The free entertainment
• A hope of finding a job
• Unfortunately, the slaves did all the work in the
  city
• The poor farmers were left unemployed and living
  off the Roman government

50
Roman Republic in Crisis

• A series of reformers will try to fix the
  Republics problems
• Unfortunately, most of the reforms will be
  unsuccessful
• The reformers were
• Tiberius Gracchus
• Gaius Gracchus
• Gaius Marius
• Lucas Cornelius Sulla
• 1st TriumvirateGnaeus Pompey, Marcus Crassus,
  Julius Caesar
• 2nd TriumvirateOctavian, Marcus Lepidus, Marc
  Antony

51
Roman Republic in Crisis

• Tiberius Gracchus
• Tiberius had the chance to be a patrician, but
  chose to be a plebeian tribune
• 133 BChe proposed a law to take land away from
  the rich farmers and give the land to those who
  had no land
• The law passed, but with much opposition
• Tiberius was eventually killed by 300 rioters

52
Tiberius Gracchus
53
Roman Republic in Crisis

• Gaius Gracchus
• Tiberius brother
• Gaius was elected tribune 1 year after his
  brothers murder
• Gaius wanted to give more land to poor farmers
• He created laws to sell grain at lower prices
• 121 BCGaius was murdered by his opponents

54
Gracchi Brothers
55
Roman Republic in Crisis

• Gaius Marius
• 107 BChe was elected consul
• He passed laws that enlisted the poor into the
  military
• A way to give the poor jobsthey were paid for
  their service
• After military service, the poor were given land
• This system changed the military systemsoldiers
  became loyal to their commander, not to the
  Republic
• 88 BCGaius was overthrown by his newly created
  army, led by Lucas Cornelius Sulla

56
Gaius Marius
57
Roman Republic in Crisis

• Lucas Cornelius Sulla
• Sulla made himself dictator of Rome
• He attempted to steal power away from the
  Assembly of Tribes
• This attempt embroiled Rome into a brutal period
  of violence

58
Roman Republic in Crisis

• 1st Triumvirate
• 70 BC2 new consuls were elected in RomeGnaeus
  Pompey and Marcus Crassus
• Pompey was a general and Crassus was a politician
• Both men began to gain support from a young
  aristocratJulius Caesar

59
Gnaeus Pompey
Marcus Crassus
Julius Cesar
60
Roman Republic in Crisis

• 1st Triumvirate
• 60 BCthe 3 men formed the 1st Triumvirateall 3
  would share power over Rome
• The Triumvirate was very unstableeach man tried
  to take power from the others

61
Roman Republic in Crisis

• 1st Triumvirate
• Caesar flexed his muscle by conquering the Celts,
  increasing Roman holdings in Britain
• Crassus tried to show military power, but he will
  be killed in battle in 53 BC
• Crassus death left Caesar and Pompey to battle
  over Rome

62
Roman Republic in Crisis

• 1st Triumvirate
• Pompey feared that Caesar would try to take all
  power
• Pompey convinced the Roman Senate to order Caesar
  to leave his legions in Britain and return to
  Rome, alone
• Caesar did start for Rome, but with his legions

63
Roman Republic in Crisis

• 1st Triumvirate
• When Caesar crossed the Rubicon River with his
  army, civil war broke out in Rome
• Caesar quickly took over all of Italy in only 2
  months
• Pompey was driven out of Italy

64
Roman Republic in Crisis

• Julius Caesar
• 45 BCCaesar made himself dictator of Rome for
  life
• He gave the poor loans and jobs
• He gave many non-Italians citizenship

65
Roman Republic in Crisis

• Julius Caesar
• Many in the government questioned Caesars true
  political intentions
• They believed Caesar wanted to make himself King
• Many government officials began a plot to rid
  Rome of Caesar

66
Roman Republic in Crisis

• Julius Caesar
• March 15, 44 BC (Ides of March)Caesar was
  assassinated by a group of Roman Senators
• The assassination was led by Caesars
  friendMarcus Brutus

67
Roman Republic in Crisis

• 2nd Triumvirate
• After Caesars murder, Caesars 18 year old
  grandnephewOctavianbegan to make alliances with
  2 very powerful government officialsMarc Antony
  and Marcus Lepidus

68
Octavian
Marc Antony
Marcus Lepidus
69
Roman Republic in Crisis

• 2nd Triumvirate
• The 3 began to divide the Roman world between
  them
• OctavianItaly and the West
• AntonyGreece and the East
• LepidusNorth Africa

70
Roman Republic in Crisis

• 2nd Triumvirate
• The 3 then formed the 2nd Triumvirate
• The Triumvirate was very short lived
• Octavian forced Lepidus to retire
• Antony moved to Egypt and married Cleopatra
• Octavian convinced the Roman people that Antony
  was going to seize Rome

71
Roman Republic in Crisis

• 2nd Triumvirate
• Octavian and Antony go to war over Rome
• Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide to escape
  capture
• Octavian became the sole leader of Rome
• Octavians victory ushered out the Republic and
  created the Roman Empire
• Octavian is the 1st Roman Emperor

72
The Roman Empire

• 27 BCthe Roman Senate elected Octavian tribune,
  consul, and commander in chief for life
• Octavian changed his name to Augustusthe
  Majestic One

73
The 1st Emperors

• Many different emperors will rule Rome after
  Augustus
• Some will be considered Bad Emperors
• Others will be called the Good Emperors
• Each will have their own quirks and ideas of
  how to make the Roman Empire great

74
The 1st Emperors

• 1.) Augustus (27 BC-AD 14)
• He rebuilt the city of Rome and was a patron of
  the arts
• He ordered new roads to be built
• Under Augustus, the Pax Romana began
• The Pax Romana was a 200 year period of peace in
  Rome

75
The 1st Emperors

• 1.) Augustus (27 BC-AD 14)
• The Roman empire under Augustus was very large
• 70-100 million people in the empire
• He used professional governors to rule the
  different provinces
• Augustus made himself chief priest in Rome

76
The 1st Emperors

• 2.) Tiberius (AD 14-37)
• Augustus adopted son
• Tiberius will be the 1st of the Bad Emperors
• He falsely accused many in the government of
  treason

77
Emperor Tiberius
78
The 1st Emperors

• 3.) Caligula (37-41)
• Tiberius grandnephew
• He became mentally ill after an illness
• AD 41Caligula was assassinated by is own guards
  because of his ineptitude

79
Caligula
80
The 1st Emperors

• 4.) Claudius (41-54)
• Caligulas uncle
• He took office at a rather elder age
• He had trouble with affairs of the state
• He was a yes man
• He was too easy to influence
• AD 54Claudius was murdered by his wife
• She wanted her sonNeroto be emperor

81
Claudius
82
The 1st Emperors

• 5.) Nero (54-68)
• Claudius stepson
• Nero was very cruel and vainhe was probably
  insane
• He was more concerned with making himself happy
  than with the empire
• Nero had his wife and mother murderedhe did not
  trust them
• AD 68he was arrested and sentenced to death, but
  he committed suicide before he could be executed

83
Nero
84
The 1st Emperors

• After Rome had been ruled by so many failures,
  the Roman Senate decided to choose its own
  emperors
• Over time, the Senate began to choose emperors
  that were capable
• In AD 96, the Senate chose the 1st of the Good
  Emperors--Nerva

85
The 1st Emperors

• 6.) Nerva
• 1st of the Good Emperors
• 7.) Trajan
• He increased the size of the Roman empire

86
The 1st Emperors

• 8.) Hadrian
• He strengthened Romes fortificationsbuilt
  Hadrians Wall in Great Britain

• 9.) Antoninus Pius
• He maintained the prosperity of the empire

87
The 1st Emperors

• 10.) Marcus Aurelius
• He brought Rome lots of wealth
• He will be the last of the good emperors

88
The 1st Emperors

• As the empire grew under the 1st emperors ,
  different cultures were added to the empire
• New laws were needed to deal with the new
  culturesjus gentium (laws that applied to
  non-citizens and foreigners)
• By AD 200all free males in the empire were given
  citizenship

89
The 1st Emperors

• Roman law placed the state above the individual
• An accused individual was presumed innocent until
  proven guilty
• Roman law is the basis for most Western law

90
The 1st Emperors

• The emperors did keep strong armies
• However, during the Pax Romana, Rome did not need
  to keep a large military force because there were
  few threats to Roman power during these peaceful
  times
• Rome reduced its number of legions from 60 down
  to 28

91
The 1st Emperors

• With the reduced number of legions and Romes
  reserve forces, the emperor had 300,000 soldiers
  at his disposal
• 300,000 troops were NOT enough to protect the
  empires borders from invasion
• Outsiders slowly began invading the frontier of
  the empire
• These invasions will help cause the downfall of
  the empire

92
Roman Civilization

• The Pax Romana allowed trade to grow within the
  empire
• It was safe to tradeno fear of bandits on the
  trade routes
• In the 1st century AD, many factories turned
  out pottery, cloth, glass, and jewelry
• The Romans began to trade as far east as China

93
Roman Civilization

• The family became less important during the Pax
  Romana
• The Romans started having fewer children
• Divorce rates increased
• Fathers lost their power over the family
• Roman society was becoming less stable and more
  flexible
• The poor could become rich and the rich could
  lose it all and become poor

94
Roman Civilization

• Although the poor of Rome still had it rough,
  they did not try to rebel
• The government took care of the poor
• Gave the poor free bread
• Gave the poor free entertainment in the Coliseum
• Chariot races
• Gladiators
• The Romans celebrated over 130 holidays

95
Roman Civilization

• During the Pax Romana the Romans created many
  architectural achievements
• The Coliseum
• Aqueducts

96
(No Transcript)
97
Roman Civilization

• The Romans studied what others had written
• Rich boys girls received private educations at
  home
• Boys would go on to academies to further their
  studies in geometry, astronomy, philosophy, and
  oratory
• Girls received more education at home

98
Roman Civilization

• The lower classes of Rome were literate (could
  read and write) and had some knowledge of simple
  math
• The Romans spoke Latin
• The Latin language had fewer letters than Greek
  and was relatively simple to learn
• Latin was the common language of Europe until AD
  1500s

99
Roman Civilization

• Latin is the basis for the Romance Languages
• Spanish
• French
• Italian
• Portuguese
• Romanian

100
Rise of Christianity

• The Romans were polytheistic
• The Roman Republic allowed for religious
  freedomthe different cultures could worship
  their different gods
• Religion began to change under Augustus
• Augustus made himself chief priest and expected
  the people to honor him as chief priest
• Augustus still allowed for different religions to
  worship
• Many different religions began to developed
  during Augustus reign

101
Rise of Christianity

• A new religion began to developed during
  Augustus reignChristianity
• Christianity started as a radical sect of Judaism
  followed by eastern Mediterranean Jews
• As more Jews converted to Christianity, the
  Christian faith moved away from the ideas of
  Judaism
• Christianity eventually gained its own identity
  and became its own religion

102
Rise of Christianity

• Judaism and the Roman Empire
• AD 6Kingdom of Judah became part of the Roman
  Empire
• The Romans renamed the region Judea
• The provincial government of Judea allowed the
  Jews to practice their religion, but the Jews
  were still persecuted because they were
  monotheistic

103
Rise of Christianity

• Judaism and the Roman Empire
• The Jews began to pray for a messiah--a deliverer
  or saviorto save them from the Romans and
  restore the kingdom of David
• Other Jews began taking up arms in rebellion
  against the Roman government in Judea

104
Rise of Christianity

• Judaism and the Roman Empire
• AD 66a small force of Jews was able to overpower
  the Romans in Jerusalem and reclaim the city for
  the Jews
• AD 70the Romans recaptured Jerusalem and destroy
  the Jewish temple
• AD 132the Jews attempted another rebellion, but
  it proved unsuccessful

105
Rise of Christianity

• Judaism and the Roman Empire
• The Romans forced the Jews out of Jerusalem
• The Jews were forced to settle in the Middle East

106
Rise of Christianity

• Jesus of Nazareth
• Around the time that Judea fell under Roman
  control, Jesus was growing up in Nazareth
• Jesus received a traditional Jewish education
• Between AD 26 and AD 30, Jesus traveled through
  Judea preaching his message and gaining lots of
  followers

107
Rise of Christianity

• Jesus of Nazareth
• Jesus preached that the people needed to repent
  their sins and change their behavior
• Jesus also preached that God was not harsh and
  vengeful as the Jews believedinstead he preached
  that God was loving and forgiving

108
Rise of Christianity

• Jesus of Nazareth
• Many of Jesus followers began to believe that
  Jesus was the Jewish messiahthe man sent by God
  to deliver the Jews out of Roman control
• Other Jews saw Jesus as a fake
• The differing opinions over Jesus began to cause
  problems

109
Rise of Christianity

• Jesus of Nazareth
• The Roman government of Judea feared Jesus
  because of his large following
• The Jewish rabbis disliked Jesus because he was
  teaching a message different than what they were
  preaching
• AD 33Jesus was arrested by the Roman governor of
  Palestine
• Jesus was charged as a political troublemaker and
  executed by crucifixiona common practice for the
  time

110
(No Transcript)
111
Rise of Christianity

• Spread of Christianity
• After Jesus death, Jesus followers were called
  Christians
• The early Christians started forming Churches
• The Churches promoted worship, fellowship, and
  the further spread of Jesus message

112
Rise of Christianity

• Spread of Christianity
• The leading teacher of Christianity in the
  non-Jewish community was Paul
• Paul helped Christianity spread through the
  Middle East and Roman Empire
• Paul tried to narrow down the early Christian
  doctrine

113
Paul
114
Rise of Christianity

• Spread of Christianity
• Peter began spreading Christianity in the city or
  Rome
• Peter helped form the Christian Church in Rome
• Christian Churches were later created in Egypt,
  Asia Minor, Greece, Gaul (France), and Spain

115
Rise of Christianity

• Persecution
• Christians believed and taught that Christianity
  was the only true faith
• Christians would not honor the Roman emperor as a
  god
• Christians refused to serve in the military
• Christians criticized the many Roman holidays,
  festivals, and games

116
Rise of Christianity

• Persecution
• Because the Christians openly challenged Roman
  customs, the Christians were severely disliked
• Many Christians were accused of treason for not
  honoring the emperor and refusing to serve in the
  military
• Many Christians were thrown into the stadiums to
  fight animals for entertainment

117
Rise of Christianity

• Persecution
• The emperor Nero burned Christians to light the
  streets of Rome
• Many Christians never gave up a fight and
  willingly died for their religionmartyrs
• Many of the early martyrs became Christian saints

118
Rise of Christianity

• Persecution
• Because of all the persecution, many
  non-Christians feared becoming Christian
• Others secretly practiced the religion
• AD 200s and 300sthe Romans began to become
  unhappy with their own polytheistic religion
• The Roman empire was also becoming weak

119
Rise of Christianity

• Persecution
• The Romans were losing faith in their
  polytheistic gods and wanted more
• Many turned to monotheismJudaism and
  Christianity
• As the Roman empire began to fall, more people
  turned to Christianity seeking faith and guidance

120
Rise of Christianity

• Romans Adopt Christianity
• The Roman emperor Constantine became the 1st
  Christian emperor in AD 312
• He allowed for religious tolerance in the
  Empirethis ended the Christian persecution
• He had Christian churches constructed in Rome and
  Jerusalem

121
Rise of Christianity

• Romans Adopt Christianity
• AD 300sthe Christian population began to
  increase at a very rapid rate
• AD 392the emperor Theodosius made Christianity
  the official religion of the empire

122
Rise of Christianity

• The Early Church
• Early Christians knew their Church would have to
  be unified in order for it to survive
• St. Augustine tried to explain much of the early
  Churchs beliefs

123
Rise of Christianity

• The Early Church
• AD 354St. Augustine was born in Hippo, North
  Africa
• He wrote many books, sermons, and letters that
  helped Western Christianity solidify its doctrine

124
Rise of Christianity

• The Early Church
• The early Church was organized into a
  hierarchydifferent levels of authority
• The lowest level was the parish priests
• Many parishes together formed a diocese
• A diocese was overseen by a bishop
• The most powerful bishops were the archbishops
• Archbishops controlled the churches in the large
  cities

125
Rise of Christianity

• The Early Church
• There were 5 archbishops of the early church
• Rome
• Constantinople
• Alexandria
• Antioch
• Jerusalem

126
Rise of Christianity

• The Early Church
• AD 400the archbishop of Rome proclaimed
  authority over the rest of the Archbishops
• All of the other archbishopsexcept the
  archbishop of Constantinoplerelinquished their
  power to the archbishop of Rome
• The Archbishop of Rome then became the Pope

127
Rise of Christianity

• The Early Church
• The Archbishop of Constantinople refused to see
  the Pope as the leading authority on religion
• This caused the early church to split
• Western ChurchRoman Catholic Church
• Eastern ChurchEastern Orthodox Church

128
Rise of Christianity

• The Early Church
• Hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church
• Pope
• Archbishop
• Bishop
• Parish Priests

129
Fall of the Western Empire

• As the Catholic Church began a stronghold in the
  Roman Empire, the empire began to experience
  invasion from the outside
• The outsiders were Germanic tribes from the north
  and west of the empire

130
Fall of the Western Empire

• The Empires Problems
• When the Good Emperors controlled Rome, the
  empire was in good condition
• AD 180the last Good Emperor diedMarcus
  Aurelius
• After Aurelius death, the empire fell into a
  period of severe violence and corruption, ending
  the Pax Romana

131
Fall of the Western Empire

• The Empires Problems
• After Aurelius died, his sonCommodusbecame
  emperor
• Commodus was a very bad emperor
• He spent most of the empires money on his own
  luxuriessimilar to Nero
• His unwise spending left the Roman Empire in a
  state of bankruptcy

132
Fall of the Western Empire

• The Empires Problems
• AD 192Commodus is killed by his own troops
• From AD 192284, the empire fell into a period of
  violence

• 28 different emperors ruled from 192284
• Most of the 28 were killed not long after taking
  office
• At one point, the throne was sold to the highest
  bidder

133
Fall of the Western Empire

• The Empires Problems
• From 192284, the Roman army was busy fighting
  with itself, not defending the Empires frontier
• With the army NOT defending the borders, Germanic
  tribes began to invade and take over parts of the
  empire
• Goths, Alemanni, Franks, Saxons, etc.

134
Fall of the Western Empire

• The Empires Problems
• Romes unstable politics led to an unstable
  economy
• The constant civil warfare caused
• travel to become difficult
• disrupted trade
• Destroyed farmlandcaused food prices to increase

135
Fall of the Western Empire

• The Empires Problems
• Artisans and merchants began to lose money
  because of the decrease in trade
• The Germanic invaders destroyed many of the
  empires production centers
• To help stimulate the economy, the Roman
  government began increasing the supply of money
• The new had no backingled to soaring inflation

136
Fall of the Western Empire

• The Empires Problems
• To keep up with the rising inflation, the
  government had to continually raise taxes
• Farmers stopped farmingresulted in major food
  shortages in the empire

137
Fall of the Western Empire

• Unsuccessful Reforms
• 3 emperors will come along and try to keep the
  empire from falling apart in the AD 200s and 300s
  
• These emperors will be able to save the Eastern
  part of the empire, but not the Western part

138
Fall of the Western Empire

• Unsuccessful Reforms
• 1.) Diocletian (284-307)
• AD 284Diocletian came to power after the murder
  of the previous emperor
• He raised the number of legions back to 60
• An attempt to fight off the Germanic invasions
• He realized the empire had grown way too large

139
Fall of the Western Empire

• Unsuccessful Reforms
• 1.) Diocletian (284-307)
• He divided the empire into 2 partsan Eastern
  part and a Western part
• Diocletian made himself emperor of the Eastern
  part
• Diocletian appointed Maxmian to rule the Western
  Part as co-emperor

140
Fall of the Western Empire

• Unsuccessful Reforms
• 1.) Diocletian (284-307)
• Diocletian also tried to fix the empires
  economic problems
• He issued the Edict of Prices to slow inflation
• The Edict froze wages and set a maximum price for
  goods
• The Edict failed because it was not enforced

141
Fall of the Western Empire

• Unsuccessful Reforms
• 1.) Diocletian (284-307)
• AD 307Diocletian retired from the government
• His retirement led to a brutal civil war in the
  empire

142
Diocletian
143
Fall of the Western Empire

• Unsuccessful Reforms
• 2.) Constantine (312-337)
• AD 312Constantine won the civil war and made
  himself emperor
• He made it legal for landowners to chain farmers
  to the land to make the farmers grow food

144
Fall of the Western Empire

• Unsuccessful Reforms
• 2.) Constantine (312-337)
• He moved the empires capital to Byzantium and
  renamed the city after himselfConstantinople

145
Constantine
146
Fall of the Western Empire

• Unsuccessful Reforms
• 3.) Theodosius (337-395)
• After Constantines death, civil war erupted
  again in the empire
• AD 337Theodosius won the civil war and made
  himself emperor
• Before he died, Theodosius created a will

147
Fall of the Western Empire

• Unsuccessful Reforms
• 3.) Theodosius (337-395)
• His will stated that upon his death, the eastern
  and western parts of the empire would become
  separate empires with separate rulers
• AD 395he died and his will was carried out

148
Fall of the Western Empire

• Unsuccessful Reforms
• 3.) Theodosius (337-395)
• The empire was divided into 2 separate parts
• EastByzantine Empire
• WestRoman Empire

149
Theodosius
150
Fall of the Western Empire

• Germanic Invasions
• AD 300smany Germanic tribes began migrating into
  the Western part of the empire
• The Germanic people came to the empire for
  several reasons
• Looking for better climates and grazing lands for
  their herds
• Wanted to share in Romes wealth
• Others were running from the Huns

151
Fall of the Western Empire

• Germanic Invasions
• The Germanic tribes were nomadicusually raising
  cattle and farming small plots of land
• The Romans called the different Germanic tribes
  barbarians

152
Fall of the Western Empire

• Germanic Invasions
• AD 378the Visigoths defeated the Romans at
  Adrianople
• During the battle, the eastern emperor was killed
• The new emperor of the east made peace with the
  Visigoths by giving them land in the
  Balkansmostly Greece

153
Fall of the Western Empire

• Germanic Invasions
• AD 410the Visigoths invaded Italy and the city
  of Rome
• The Visigoth leader was killed, causing the
  Visigoths to retreat into Gaul (modern day
  France)

154
Fall of the Western Empire

• Germanic Invasions
• Many of the Germanic tribes were running from the
  Hunsa group from Asia
• Attila the Hun was the leader of the Huns
• Attila invaded the eastern empire
• He then invaded Gaul (France)
• AD 451the Romans received some help from the
  Visigoths

155
Fall of the Western Empire

• Germanic Invasions
• The Romans and the Visigoths kept the Huns from
  taking Gaul
• Attila then turned his focus on Italy
• He attacked the peninsula, terrorizing the
  Italian people
• AD 453Attila died and the Huns retreated from
  Italy into Eastern Europe

156
Fall of the Western Empire

• End of the Western Empire
• After the Huns left, Italy was left in shambles
• Italy was left defenseless to further invasion
• AD 455the Vandals invaded and sacked the city of
  Rome
• The Franks and Goths divided Gaul

157
Fall of the Western Empire

• End of the Western Empire
• AD 476The Roman emperor was killed by a German
  soldierOdacer
• Odacer made himself king of Italyeffectively
  ending the empire of the West
• AD 476the date of the end of the Western (Roman)
  Empire

158
Fall of the Western Empire

• End of the Western Empire
• Roman culture did not end in the west
• The German rulers accepted the Latin language,
  Roman laws, and Christianity
• The Eastern (Byzantine) empire will continue to
  prosper for another 1000 years
• Byzantine empire adopted Hellenistic culture and
  the Greek language