GroundBased Primary Transport

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Ground-Based Primary Transport

• TOPICS
• Conventional ground skidding equipment
• Mechanical felling, tree processing
  forwarding equipment systems
• Management alternatives for soil compaction
• Operational planning principles in designing
  skid trail systems

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Ground-Based Primary Transport

• COURSE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Harvesting process terminology
• Capabilities limitations of equipment
• systems in a range of different silviculture
• systems
• Select/match ground-based equipment/
• systems to different operating environments
  considering equipment limitations, economics,
  environmental impact social factors

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Ground-Based Primary Transport

• ASSIGNMENT
• (Due Monday, Oct. 11 _at_ 1100 AM
• Review SLC Video 850 (32 minutes) on
• Soil Compaction on Forest Lands
• Review SLC Video 903 (27 minutes) on
• Designated Skid Trails
• Submit a written summary of five alternatives
  for managing soil compaction

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Ground-Based Primary Transport

• CONVENTIONAL GROUND SKIDDING ALTERNATIVES
• Animals
• Track Skidders
• - Rigid Track
• - Flexible Track
• Rubber Tire Skidders
• - Line skidders
• - Grapple skidders
• Excavator Forwarder (shovel logging or hoe
  chucking)
• Clambunk Skidders
• Forwarders

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Ground-Based Primary Transport

• GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (ALL EQUIPMENT/SYSTEMS)
• Lower productivity lower logging costs than
  cable systems
• Soil disturbance/compaction is a more significant
  concern with ground-based logging systems
• Several excellent planning and management
  alternatives are available for controlling soil
  disturbance/compaction
• Some equipment is best matched with thinning
  others for clearcutting others for both
• Downhill transport is preferred
• Terrain limits are generally Downhill lt35
  Uphill lt 20
• Sidehill lt20
• Economic maximum transport distances range from
  500 to 2000 feet
• (downhill). Uphill transport is approx. half of
  downhill distance.

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Horse Logging

• Animal weights 1,5002,000 lbs
• 800 1500 lbs payloads
• lt 25 downhill slope
• 500 ft. max. skidding distance
• Low productivity (2-3 MBF/day)
• Approx. average skidding cost 50/MBF (all
  ground-based systems)
• Niche applications

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Rigid-Track Skidders (Crawler Tractors)

• Uniform ground contact only on even surfaces
• Rear or elevated drive wheel
• Loaded weight distribution (level surface)
  80/20
• Equipment weight 30 50 K lbs
• 70 200 horsepower
• lt 40 downhill slope
• 600 ft. max. skidding distance

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Rigid-Track Skidders (Crawler Tractor)

• Clearcut and partial cut applications
• Equipment versatility
• Average productivity (clearcut with favorable
  conditions)
• 20 MBF/day

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Flexible-Track Skidders (High Speed or LGP Track
Skidder)

• FMC transferred rights to KMC
• Uniform ground contact on uneven surfaces
• Front drive wheel
• Independent torsion suspension
• Loaded weight distribution (level surface 60/40
• Equipment weight 30 40 K lbs
• Average of 200 horsepower
• Faster travel speed than crawler tractor
• lt 50 downhill slope
• 800 ft. max. skidding distance

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Flexible-Track Skidders (High Speed or LGP Track
Skidder)

• Clearcut and partial cut applications
• Low ground pressure applications
• Higher equipment purchase cost and maintenance
  cost
• Average productivity similar to crawler tractor

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Rubber Tire Skidder

• All-wheel drive
• Articulated steering (hinged in the center for
  steering)
• Loaded weight distribution (level surface)
  80/20
• Equipment weight 20 35 K lbs
• 100 200 horsepower
• Travel speed similar to flexible track skidder
• lt 30 downhill slope
• 600 ft. max. skidding distance

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Rubber Tire Skidder

• Line Skidders

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Rubber Tire Skidder

• Grapple Skidders (log or bunching)
• Often matched with a feller- buncher in a whole
  tree skidding system

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Rubber Tire Skidder

• Lower payload capacity
• Lower equipment purchase cost
• Clearcut and partial cut applications
• Potential for higher damage in thinnings than
  track skidder

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Rubber Tire Skidder

• Wide Tire Skidders
• (average width of 32 vs. 43-50)
• Better flotation on low-strength soils
• Lower tire sinkage rolling resistance
• Traction problems on wet steep slopes with
  logging slash

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Excavator Forwarder (Shovel Logging or Hoe
Chucking)

• Modified hydraulic log loader
• lt 20 downhill (non
  self-leveling)
• 400 ft. max. swing distance
• High productivity (e.g.80 MBF/day)
• Low ground impact in favorable operating
  conditions
• Clearcut operations preferred
• Serpentine or bunching patterns of operation

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Excavator Forwarder (Shovel Logging or Hoe
Chucking)

• Serpentine Forwarding Pattern Bunching
  Pattern with a Skidder Swing

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Excavator Forwarder (Shovel Logging or Hoe
Chucking)

• Hydraulic Log Loader with Winches
• Steep slope cable yarding
• Preferred yarding distances
• lt400 ft. (max. 800 ft.)
• Equipment versatility
• Short cable yarding distance applications

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Clambunk Skidders

• Articulated chasis
• Integral grapple arm and
• Inverted bunk grapple
• Bogie wheels Tandem axles driven by a single
  differential (lower ground pressure than single
  axles) often used with half-tracks for better
  traction

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Clambunk Skidders

• Matched with a feller-buncher and whole tree
  skidding system
• High payloads (15 tons)
• 1500 ft. max. skidding distance
• lt30 downhill slope
• Clearcut operations natural or plantation
  forests
• Consider road impacts

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Forwarders

• Articulated chasis
• Hydraulic loading grapple
• Bogie wheels
• 5 to 19 ton payload range
• Short logs

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Forwarders

• Matched with a single-grip harvester and a CTL
  system
• 2000 ft. max. skidding distance
• lt 30 ground slope
• Thinning and fuels reduction applications

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Ground-Based Primary Transport

• The actual equipment performance, productivity
  and costs, and soil impacts depends on
  site-specific conditions..
• .Logging mechanics consideration of factors
  including grade resistance (or assistance),
  skidding resistance, rolling resistance, soil
  strength and traction