Title: Humanitarian Stakeholders in the Mission Area
1Humanitarian Stakeholders in the Mission Area
2Objectives
- Provide overview of the some of current
stakeholders in the humanitarian community - Host Nation
- International Organizations
- Non-governmental Organizations
- Donors
3TraditionalHumanitarian Stakeholders
- Local Populations
- affected non-affected
- Local Government Authorities
- The Red Cross/Red Crescent Movement
- The three components
- Non-governmental Organizations
- National International
- Religious Organizations
- UN Humanitarian Agencies/Funds/Programs
4Non-TraditionalHumanitarian Stakeholders
- International Regional Organizations
- International, Regional Local Financial
Institutions and Businesses - Donor Governments and Agencies
- Media
- Contractors
- Military Forces
5Humanitarian aid is a growth industry
6Impetus of humanitarian action
- Host Nation invitation and/or consent
- Humanitarian need
- Demand vs.Supply driven assistance
- Legal mandate (UNHCR, ICRC, Human Rights)
- Media coverage
- Advocacy for action
- Individual Agency/Program Governing Boards
- Profit
7Host or Affected Nation
- Victims - the affected population! ! !
- Government - national assistance through civil
service and community processes - Regional/Local authorities
- Business - traditional commerce leaders
- But also opportunists that come to crisis area to
do business
8Red Cross Red Crescent Movement
9International Red Cross/Red Crescent Movement
- THREE DISTINCT ENTITIES
- International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
- International Federation of the Red Cross/Red
Crescent Societies (IFRC) - National Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies
10International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
- Oldest (1863) Largest Private IO - (6,300
personnel) - Guardian of the Geneva Conventions -specializes
in conflicts - Mandate to respond under international law
- Protection of prisoners of war and civilians and
family reunification - Provides humanitarian relief, protection for
those most severely affected - No development work
11ICRC Position
- Humanitarian assistance must be delivered by a
neutral agency - Never judge who is right and who is wrong
- The ability to alleviate suffering is hampered
when humanitarian assistance is perceived as
taking sides
12ICRC
- For staff protection (neutrality) provides all
factions with - prior notice of all relief
- flights and convoys
- travel routes
- cargo descriptions
- times of departure and arrival
13International Federation of Red Cross/Red
Crescent Societies
- Federation of all national societies
- Comprised of an international staff
- Coordinates relief in natural disasters
- Helps refugees outside areas of conflict
- Aids in development of national societies
14National Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies
- 179 National Societies
- Provide national program
- Help sister societies
- Role as auxiliary to army medical services
- Cooperate with ICRC
15 Countries with armies that lack military medical
services utilize Red Cross/Red Crescent National
Societies
16Red Cross Symbol
The more symbols, the greater the chance for
mistakes For security, have as few symbols as
possible
17(No Transcript)
18United Nations System Character and Complexity
- Founded in 1945 in post WWII political landscape
- Membership has grown from 51 to over 190 nations
- Institutions largely shaped by Cold War
- Undergoing reform process to deal with post-Cold
War realities - Membership based on sovereign equality of states
- Set up to deal with inter-state vs. intra-state
conflict - Not just one institution
- A patchwork of Agencies/programs with political,
social, economic, technical mandates
19UN Secretary-Generalmore Secretary than General?
The UN Secretary General is the Chief
Administrative Officer of the UN...chosen by the
UN General Assembly on the recommendation of the
UN Security Council for a term of five years
appointment to a second term is the norm. -
Historical Dictionary of International
Organizations
? Margo Feiden Galleries
20UN Agencies/Funds/Programmes
- UNDP UN Development Programme
- On the ground in 166 countries
- Resident Coordinators
- Attempt to mainstream conflict analysis in
development work - Human Development Report
- Millennium Development Goals
- Democratic Governance
- Poverty Reduction
- Crisis Prevention and Recovery
- Information and Communication Technology
- HIV/AIDS
- Recovery Activities
- Mine action, justice and security sector reform,
small arms and demobilization, natural disaster
reduction
21UN Agencies/Funds/Programmes
- UNHCR UN High Commissioner for Refugees
- Mandate under international law for protection of
and assistance to refugees (1951 Refugee
Convention) - Legal protection to seek asylum
- Physical protection through provision of food,
shelter and other basic necessities - Around 5,000 staff in 120 countries with caseload
of over 20 million people worldwide. - Country Operations Plans (COPs)
22UN Agencies/Funds/Programmes
- WFP World Food Programme
- Largest provider of food aid in UN system
- Emergency needs and economic and social
development - Food for Work
- School Feeding
- Logistics specialists
- 40 ships on the sea at any one time
- 2002 WFP fed 72 million in 82 countries
23UN Agencies/Funds/Programmes
- UNICEF UN Childrens Fund
- Presence in over 140 countries
- Five organizational priorities in both relief and
development - Girls education
- Early childhood development
- Immunization plus
- Protection from violence, abuse, exploitation
- HIV/AIDS
- Health and nutrition for children and pregnant
women - Education/advocacy on childrens rights
- Demobilization of child soldiers/psycho-social
programs
24UN Agencies/Funds/Programmes
- UNHCHR UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
- Human Rights mainstreamed in work of all UN
activity - Secretariat for UN Human Rights bodies
- Human Rights Commission, Sub-Commission on
Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and six
treaty monitoring bodies - Field Presence Human rights monitors/observers
- Technical Cooperation
- National capacity building
25UN Agencies/Funds/Programmes
- WHO World Health Organization
- Health emergency relief supply kits
- provision of medical supplies/assessments
- training of health workers/capacity building
- World Bank
- Financing of reconstruction activities
- National banking systems
26UN Departments/Projects
- UNOPS UN Office of Project Services
- manages project resources to help developing
countries and countries in transition in their
quest for peace, social stability, economic
growth and sustainable development - Entirely funded by fees for services rendered
- Project management
- Infrastructure
- Mine action
- Clients include UN agencies and member states
27UN Humanitarian Coordination
- UNOCHA UN Office for the Coordination of
Humanitarian Affairs - Secretariat for Inter-Agency Standing Committee
(IASC) - Consolidated Appeals Process (CAP)/Common
Humanitarian Action Plan (CHAP) - Emergency Relief Coordinator (ERC)
- RELIEFWEB www.reliefweb.int
28United NationsKey Points to Remember
- A treaty with an administration
- Not one institution
- The Secretary General presides, doesnt rule
29Non-Governmental Organizations
- is a private, self governing, not-for-profit
organization dedicated to alleviating human
suffering and/or promoting education, health
care, economic development, environmental
protection, human rights, conflict resolution,
and encouraging the establishment of democratic
institutions and civil society. - Guide To IGOs, NGOs and The Military In Peace
and Relief Operations - Aall, Miltenberger Weiss
30The NGO Community
- Non-Governmental Organization Defined
- Every organization in society which is not part
of the government, and which operates in civil
society1 - UN agencies and ICRC are not NGO!
- NGO subset
- Non-Governmental Humanitarian Agencies
1 Source The Commonwealth Foundation,
February,1996
31The NGO Community
- Who they are
- Skilled professionals (doctors, engineers, etc)
- Paid workers and volunteers
- Local staff and expatriates
- Varying Sizes/programmatic focus
- International, regional, national, local or
community interests - Implementing partners
- The hands legs of donor agency programs
32The growth of NGO
- In 1909 were just 176 international NGO
worldwide. In 1996the number was 38,243. - Since US Foreign Assistance Act (1974), the
number of international NGOs has increased 515 - In the single decade 1986-1996, the number of NGO
increased by 78. - Source The Nonprofit Piece of the Global
Puzzle, Susan Raymond, Ph.D., 10/15/01
33Number of NGOs responding
Kurdish Somalia Rwanda
Yugoslavia Kosovo Crisis 91 93-94
94-95 92 -98 99
Source Frederick Burkle
34The Purchasing Power of NGO
- Distribute more aid than the World Bank
- Annual spending more than 1 trillion
- If viewed as single nation, NGO would equal 8th
in economic power - Did handle greater than 30 of American aid, and
growingbut now??? - David Briscoe, AP, November 7, 1998
35NGO Strengths
- Critical recipient level humanitarian work
- Small size - less bureaucratic, cheaper more
cost-effective - Increased scope and independence
- Access to local knowledge
- Non-partisanship essential to security
- Humanitarian work protected by international
convention
Source Paula Hoy, Players and Issues in
International Aid, 1998
36NGO Weaknesses
- Not homogenous system
- Lack of collaboration
- Small size
- Identify projects where they have expertise
- Donor dependent
- Dependence on government funding erodes
independence
Source Paula Hoy, Players and Issues in
International Aid, 1998
37Donors
38DONORS
- Government Donors
- Should give with humanitarian objectives in mind
but may be constrained by other political/policy
issues - The National Agenda
- View NGOs as critical partners in aid delivery
- Identify gaps in humanitarian response and target
aid to fill gaps - Will have some form of accountability mechanism
39Selected Major Donors
- ECHO
- European Community Humanitarian Office
- JICA
- Japanese International Cooperation Agency
- AusAID
- Australian Council for International Aid
- DfID
- UK Department for International Development
- USAID
- United States Agency for International
Development - YOU
40Selected humanitarian info web sites
- Afghanistan Information Management Service
- www.aims.org.pk
- Humanitarian Information Center for Iraq
- www.humanitarianinfo.org/iraq
- UN Organization Mission in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo - www.monuc.org
- RELIEF WEB (managed by OCHA)
- www.reliefweb.int
- UN Joint Logistics Centers
- www.unjlc.org
41Selected UN System web sites
- United Nations
- www.un.org
- UN System Locator
- www.unsystem.org
- UN Childrens Fund
- www.unicef.org
- UN Development Programme
- www.undp.org
- UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
- www.unhchr.ch
- UN High Commissioner for Refugees
- www.unhcr.ch
- World Bank
42Selected IO/NGO/Donor web sites
- International Council of Voluntary Agencies
(ICVA) - www.icva.ch
- InterAction
- www.interaction.org
- Australian Council for Overseas Aid (ACFOA)
- www.acfoa.asn.au
- The Sphere Project
- www.sphereproject.org
- International Committee of the Red Cross
- www.icrc.org
- __________________________________________________
___________________________________________ - US Agency for Intl Development/Office of Foreign
Disaster Assistance - www.usaid.gov/ofda
43Questions?