IRRIGATION AND POWER DEPARTMENTPRE

1

• IRRIGATION AND POWER DEPARTMENTPRE
• FLOOD ARRANEGMENTS
• FOR THE FLOOD SEASON 2002
• 18TH JUNE 2002

2
IRRIGATION POWER DEPARTMENT BRIEFING TO
PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE WATER SECTOR
DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES AND ISSUES January 20,
2004
3
PUNJAB IRRIGATION SYSTEM SALIENT FEATURES AND
SETTING
4
PUNJAB IRRIGATION SYSTEM SALIENT FEATURES

• Headworks / Barrages 14
• Main Canal Systems 21
• Length of Main Canals and Branches 3993 Miles
• No. of Distributaries and Minors 2794
• Length of Distributaries and Minors 19191 Miles
• Total off-takes Capacity 1,20,000 Cfs
• Gross Command Area 23.35 Ma
• Culturable Command Area 20.78 Ma
• Overall Designed Irrigation Intensity 67

5
PUNJAB IRRIGATION SYSTEM SALIENT FEATURES

• Actual Irrigation 25.50 Ma
• Actual Intensity of Irrigation 122
• Length of Inter-river Links 528 Miles
• Off-take Capacity of Links 1,10,000 Cs.
• SCARP Tube wells 4500
• Private Tube wells 500,000
• Other Operate able Tube wells 1135
• Length of Surface Drains 4900 Miles
• Length of Flood Embankments 1600 Miles
• Small Dams 31

6
INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM THE SETTING

• Pakistans Irrigation System is largest
  contiguous gravity flow network in the World
• It serves as lifeline for irrigated agriculture
  in Punjab which provides over 70 of the total
  agricultural production and contributes 25 to
  the GDP
• The climate of Pakistan is arid to semi-arid,
  with annual rainfall of 10 to 15 inches, mainly
  in the monsoon months (July - September)
• River flows are highly fluctuating 70 flows
  occur during 3 monsoon months for remaining
  months flows drop drastically

7
INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM THE SETTING

• The reservoir capacity is highly inadequate
  only 14 MAF of the 53 MAF flood flows is
  conserved in Tarbela and Mangla
• As a result of IBT, the Eastern Canals are fed
  through an integrated system of Link Canals
  which transfer Western River waters to the East
• The system was designed for low irrigation
  intensities (60 - 70), which are totally
  outdated in the context of current agricultural
  development (120-150)

8
INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM THE SETTING

• The Potohar, Pachad and Cholistan remain
  without irrigation.
• The food and fiber requirements of a growing
  population is placing heavy strain on the
  irrigation infrastructure. In the
• next 50-80 years the population of Punjab may
  grow to 140 million people
• No new storage has been added to the system
  while the capacity of existing storages is
  depleting due to sedimentation. More than 20
  capacity has been lost already
• The irrigation system is over 100 years old and
  inadequate to meet the growing water needs. It
  requires urgent improvements / modernization and
  development of water resources

9
INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM THE SETTING

• Industrial growth and urbanization is creating
  harmful and toxic effluents which are flowing
  into our rivers and canals .
• The Punjab fresh water aquifer has dropped from
  10 to 30 feet due to heavy pumping during the
  past 3 drought years. This level of withdrawal
  is not sustainable.
• Due to the population explosion, people are
  intruding into the flood plains and likely to
  face severe damages due to flooding.

10
WATER SECTOR VISION AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
PROJECTS
11
VISION
PROVIDE ADEQUATE, EQUITABLE AND SUSTAINED
IRRIGATION TO THE CULTUREABLE LAND OF PUNJAB,
WITHOUT HARMING ITS PRODUCTIVITY, THUS ENSURING
THAT THE FOOD SECURITY OF PUNJAB AND FOOD DEFICIT
OF OTHER PROVINCES IS MET. ENSURE THAT THE
DRINKING WATER RESOURCE IS SUSTAINED.
12
Adequate Provision Of Irrigation Water

• As a minimum, provide sufficient water which
  supports cultivation of crops required for food
  security of the growing population.
• Strategies / Directions
• Urgently construct Reservoirs to meet growing
  food needs.
• Develop Canals to compensate for enhanced
  intensities by picking up flood supplies.
• Line Canals for efficient conveyance and to
  prevent wastage.
• Improve Farming Practices
• Laser Land Leveling
• Water course improvement
• Bed planting and zero Tillage
• Drip irrigation for orchards
• Introduce Crop Zoning.

13
SUSTAINABILITY OF IRRIGATION INFRASTRUCTURE
RESOURCE BASE

• To operate and maintain the Irrigation System in
  a manner that irrigation supplies are always
  provided to the cultivable lands of Punjab
• Strategies / Directions
• Sustained Operation
• System Remodeling / Modernization
• Phased Replacement / Modernization of Barrages
  
• Local Water Resource Management for Poverty
  Alleviation.
• OM Budget on realistic yardstick
• Recruitment of essential Staff
• Safe Passage of Floods

Continued
14
SUSTAINABILITY OF IRRIGATION INFRASTRUCTURE
RESOURCE BASE

• To operate and maintain the Irrigation System in
  a manner that pure irrigation supplies are always
  provided to healthy cultivable lands of Punjab
• Quality of Supplies
• Improved Environmental Management.
• Excessive Pumping of the Punjab Aquifer.
• Improved Drainage

15
EQUITABLE WATER DISTRIBUTION

• Ensure that in all circumstances specially
  shortage situation, water is shared equitably, by
  large and small farmers alike, as per scientific
  requirements
• Strategies / Directions
• Rationalize Water Allowances on scientific
  requirements
• Improved Regulation and Operation of canals.
• Regular Maintenance and Desiltation of canals.
• Joint Management through Nehri Panchayats.

16
Food Security

• Ensure that the basic food needs of the
  population are met, now and in the future
• Strategies / Directions
• Measures to control population required.
• Need for horizontal and vertical growth in
  agriculture.
• Water Resources Projects for Poverty
  Alleviation in Potohar, Pachad and Cholistan

17
Proposed Water Sector Projects
(Rs in Billion)
Continued
18
Proposed Water Sector Projects
(Rs in Billion)
19
Need For New Storages and Their Prioritization
20
Indus Waters Apportionment Accord 1991 Need For
New Storages

• Para 6 of water accord as reproduced below
  recognizes and admits the need for future
  storages
• The need for storages where ever feasible on the
  Indus and other rivers was admitted and
  recognized by the participants for planned future
  agricultural development
• Objectives of New Storages
• To replenish the storage capacity of existing
  reservoirs lost due to siltation by 23 by the
  year 2003 and likely to be lost by 33 by the
  year 2020.
• To transfer water from season to season and
  from wet cycle to dry cycle.
• To provide additional storage for future
  agricultural development of the growing
  population
• To meet rapidly growing power demands
• To generate pollution free cheap hydel power
  reducing import of high cost fuel required
  for thermal stations
• To regulate and control flood peaks and avoid
  large scale flood devastation and flood damages

21
PRE AND POST INDUS BASIN TREATY CANAL WATER
AVAILABILITY
(MAF)
SOURCE NATIONAL WATER POLICY STUDY
22
Progressive Storage Loss in the Major Reservoirs
23
(No Transcript)
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POPULATION AND WATER REQUIREMENT PROJECTIONS
25
RELEASES BELOW KOTRI (MAF)
26
Cost Comparison of Large Dams and Hydropower
Projects

• Price Level December 2003 (1 US Rs. 58)
• 310 Km Up gradation of KKH for transportation
  of huge size EM equipment
• and Relocation of 150 Km KKH is itself a
  mega project and may involve more cost

27
Comparison of Large Dams and Hydropower Projects
SALIENT FEATURES
Sr. No.
Description
Kalabagh Dam
Basha Diamer Dam
Akhori Dam
Location U/S to Jinnah Barrage
1
25 Km
502 Km
132 Km
(Farm gate of Major Irrigation System of Pakistan)
2
Main Dam
i. Type
Embankment (ECRF)
R.C.C. Gravity
ECRF
ii. Height
260 Ft.
908 Ft.
418 Ft.
iii. Crest Length
11,000 Ft.
3,500 Ft.
15,000 Ft.
3
Reservoir


i. Gross Storage
7.6 MAF
7.8 MAF
7.2 MAF
ii. Live Storage
5.8 MAF
5.8MAF (Usable)
6.0 MAF
iii. Reservoir Elevation
915 Ft.
3,838 Ft.
1,445 Ft.
Main Spillway
3-Tunnels (Initial stage)
i. Type
Overflow
Ogee Crest
Overflow (Later stage)
ii. Discharge Capacity
1,070,000 cusec
711,600 cusec
150,000 cusec
No need due to very
iii. Orifice Spillway Capacity
980,000 cusec
-
less PMF

To be re-confirmed during Detailed Feasibility
Studies.
28
POSITION ON RESERVIORS i) Advocate the
construction of Dams for transferring water
from one season to the other and from a wet
cycle to a dry cycle. ii) Since water
scarcity is going to affect Pakistan badly by
2010, one replacement Dam should be online by
2010. Selection of the Dam should be based on
a) Time Quickest to make b) Cost
Cheapest to construct c) Benefits Irrigation
followed by Power. iii) Choices by priority
are- a) Kalabagh - With Outlets first
priority b) Akhori - Second priority

c) Basha - Third
priority
29
Position on Water Accord a. Water Accord of 1991
is sacrosanct and should be implemented in
toto. b. Until the water availability of 114
MAF is not arrived at distribution be carried
out on 1977-82 average uses. Fall back
shortage sharing when availability is above 103
MAF in proportion to availability. c. The
three Studies on releases below Kotri and the
environmental issues be carried out
immediately. d. Reservoirs should be developed
immediately to replace lost capacity and provide
for development to meet the countrys growing
needs. e. Provinces should develop projects to
pick up their flood supplies to cater to
enhanced intensities. f. Water should be shared
equitably by all Farmers of Pakistan and no
Farmer should enjoy undue and luxurious share in
irrigation supply due to excessive and
unscientific water allowances. g. IRSA should
take note of water use through ungated systems
being used for agriculture and account in that
particular Provinces Account.
30
Tube Wells Status Plans a. Massive
installation of Tube Wells by Punjab Farmers,
approximately 600,000, during the drought period
has led to serious depletion of the Punjab
aquifer by 10- 30 feet. b. Use of marginal
quality ground water is jeopardizing the
sustainability of agriculture c. The cost of
water supply by Tube wells is ten times the cost
of canal water d. Lack of water flow in Sutlej
and Ravi Rivers is leading to sharp drop in
aquifer with no recharge. Need to route flood
flows in these Rivers during floods. e. Lack
of water in Chenab Jehlum for 9 months of the
year resulting in poor recharge of adjoining
aquifer. f. Excessive pumping and heavy drawing
down of the sweet water aquifer is leading to
saline water intrusion. g. Punjab needs to
study the aquifer recharge and control the
installation and use of Tubewells to a
sustainable level.
31
THANKS
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(No Transcript)
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DESIGNED VS ACTUAL IRRIGATION
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(No Transcript)
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MAIN CANALS WATER ALLOWANCES (PERENNIAL)
36
MAIN CANALS WATER ALLOWANCES (NON-PERENNIAL)
37
Lining of Irrigation Channels in Punjab Salient
Features
38
Progressive Storage Loss in the Major Reservoirs

39
Irrigation System Rehabilitation ProjectSalient
Features
40
Rehabilitation and Modernization of Punjab
Barrages Salient Features
41
PUNJAB BARRAGES REHABILITATION AND
MODERNIZATION PROJECT
Emergent / Long Term Remedial Measures on Six
Barrages Jinnah, Taunsa, Khanki, Balloki,
Sulemanki Islam
42
Local Water Resource Management for Poverty
Alleviation

• Water is generated locally through rainfall
  floods in Potohar, Pachad areas and Cholistan but
  runs off and is wasted. Develop plans to utilize
  this resource for Local benefit.

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FPSP-IISalient Features
44
Irrigation System Rehabilitation Project Main
Components
45
HUDIARA DRAIN WATER QUALITY
46
PUNJAB GROUND WATER STATUS
Solution -- Enhance capacities of canals in
proportion to actual intensities.
-- Transfer of flood supplies from River Chenab
to pass through rivers Ravi Sutlej.
47
WORK PLAN FOR DESILTING OF DRAINS IN PUNJAB
48
MANAGEMENT DURING DROUGHT
49
DESILTING OF CANALS
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9. PARTICIPATORY IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT
(PIM)THROUGH NEHRI AND KHAL PANCHAYATS

• Khal and Nehri Panchayats are being established
  for joint
• Management of Irrigation System in LCC (East)
  pilot area-
• a. Khal Panchayats established 2875
• b. Nehri Panchayats established 122
• c. Proposal to spread the initiative to 2800
• the whole of Punjab over 3 years
• Nehri Panchayats to be formed.
• Duties
• a. Jointly Manage Minor / Disty Operation along
  with local SDO.
• b. Co-agree to changes in respective CCA or
  Outlet size.
• c. Identify water theft offenders for action
  under the law .
• d. Act as community contractors to identify
  channel problems and carry out repairs.
• e. Resolve local water related problems.
• f. Act as focal point for inter action with
  Development Departments / Agencies.

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IRRIGATION FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION
52
VIEW OF NEW DHOK TAHLIAN DAM
53
(No Transcript)
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STONE APRON MASONRY PROFILE Fan Management of
Mithawan Hill Torrent
55
INDUS BASIN REPLACEMENT WORKS
DAMS i) Tarbela on River Indus. ii) Mangla on
River Jhelum NEW BARRAGES i) Chashma Barrage on
River Indus ii) New Rasul Barrage on River
Jhelum iii) New Marala Barrage on River
Chenab iv) Qadirabad Barrage on River
Chenab v) New Sidhnai Barrage on River
Ravi vi) Mailsi Syphon on River Sutlej
56
INDUS BASIN REPLACEMENT WORKS
NEW LINK CANALS i) Chashma Jhelum Link (C-J
Link) ii) Taunsa Panjnad Link (T-P
Link) iii) Rasul Qadirabad Link (R-Q
Link) iv) Qadirabad Balloki Link (Q-B
Link) v) Balloki Sulemanki Link II (B-S Link
II) vi) Trimmu Sidhnai Link (T-S
Link) vii) Sidhnai Mailsi Link (S-M-B
Link) OLD BARRAGES REMODELLED i) Trimmu
Barrage ii) Balloki Barrage
57
INDUS BASIN REPLACEMENT WORKS
Link Canals constructed by Punjab as a
consequence of stoppage of Canal water by India
in 1948 i) Bambanwala - Ravi Bedian Depalpur
Link (BRBD) ii) Balloki Ravi Suleimanki Link
I (B.S.Link I) iii) Marala Ravi
Link (M.R.Link)
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MAIN CANALS WATER ALLOWANCES (PERENNIAL)
59
MAIN CANALS WATER ALLOWANCES (NON-PERENNIAL)
60
(No Transcript)
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(No Transcript)
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INDUS WATER TREATY 1960
63
INDUS WATERS TREATY, 1960

• MAIN FEATURES
• ALL WATERS OF EASTERN RIVERS NAMELY RAVI, BEAS
  AND SUTLEJ ALLOCATED TO INDIA.
• ALL WATERS OF WESTERN RIVERS NAMELY INDUS, JHELUM
  AND CHENAB ALLOCATED TO PAKISTAN EXCEPT SOME
  SPECIFIED USES IN OCCUPIED KASHMIR.
• REPLACEMENT WORKS WERE CONSTRUCTED TO MEET THE
  REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEPRIVED AREAS BY TRANSFERING
  WATERS FROM THE WEST TO THE EAST BY A SYSTEM OF
  LINK CANALS. IMPACTS
• ONLY PUNJAB IRRIGATION SYSTEM ADVERSELY AFFECTED
  BY INDUS WATER TREATY
• 5. THE LINK CANALS HAVE CREATED THEIR OWN LOCAL
  PROBLEMS DUE TO WATER-LOGGING AND OBSTRUCTING
  NATURAL DRAINAGE.

64
INDUS WATERS TREATY OPERATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

• Punjab Canals grouped into two Zones.
• (i) Mangla Command (ii) Tarbela Command
• Mangla Command Canals entitled to entire Mangla
  storage and flow supplies in Jhelum and Chenab
  Rivers.
• Terbela Command Canals entitled to entire Terbela
  storage and flow supply of Indus and Kabal
  Rivers.
• Punjab Trimmu, Sidhnai, Lower S.V.P and Punjnad
  Canals included in Terbela Command and entitled
  to Indus Water through Chashma Jhelum and Taunsa
  Punjnad Link Canals.
• Sindh disputes operation of Chashma Jhelum and
  Taunsa Punjnad Link Canals except during Flood
  Season and quotes a 1972 Agreement between Punjab
  and Sindh in this context.
• 1972 Agreement was an adhoc arrangement pending
  final decision on Apportionment of Indus Waters
  and was extended upto 1974 on year to year basis.
  This Agreement ceases to exist after 1974 and
  Water Accord of 1991.

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(No Transcript)
66
WATER ACCORD 1991 and RELATED ISSUES
67
WATER APPORTIONMENT ACCORD HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

• CONTROVERSY REGARDING SHARING OF INDUS BASIN
  RIVERS SUPPLY BETWEEN PUNJAB AND SINDH AROSE IN
  1921.
• THE THEN GOVT. OF INDIA APPOINTED VARIOUS
  COMMISSIONS / COMMITTEES TO RESOLVE THIS ISSUE.
• ANDERSON COMMITTEE APPOINTED IN 1935 DETERMINED
  SHARES OF EACH CANAL IN PUNJAB AND SINDH WHICH
  REMAINED OPERATIVE TILL 1947.
• SHARING ARRANGEMENTS IN VOGUE IN 1947 REMAINED
  OPERATIVE TILL 1970 UNDER PROVISIONS OF INDUS
  WATERS TREATY SIGNED WITH INDIA.
• GOVT. OF PAKISTAN APPOINTED AKHTAR HUSSAIN
  COMMITTEE (1968) FAZAL-E-AKBAR COMMITTEE (1970)
  AND HALEEM COMMISSION (1983) BUT NO DECISION
  COULD BE FINALIZED.
• AVAILABILE RIVER SUPPLY SHARED ON ADHOC BASIS
  FROM 1971 TO 1991 MAINLY ACCORDING TO HISTORIC
  USES.
• WATER APPORTIONMENT ACCORD AGREED IN 1991 AND
  IS OPERATIVE SINCE THEN.

68
APPORTIONMENT OF WATERS OF THE INDUS RIVER
SYSTEM BETWEEN THE PROVINCES-ACCORD 1991
(MAF)

• INCLUDING ALREADY SANCTIONED URBAN AND
  INDUSTRIAL USES FOR
• METROPOLITAN KARACHI.
• UNGAUGED CIVIL CANALS ABOVE THE RIM
  STATIONS.
• BALANCE RIVER SUPPLIES (INCLUDING FLOOD
  SUPPLIES
• AND FUTURE STORAGES) SHALL BE DISTRIBUTED
  AS BELOW
• PUNJAB SINDH N.W.F.P.
  BALUCHISTAN TOTAL
• 37 37 14
  12 100

69
SALIENT FEATURES OF ACCORD 1991

• EXISTING USES OF PROVINCES REMAIN UNTOUCHED AND
  PROTECTED.
• N.W.F.P / BALUCHISTAN PROJECTS WHICH
  ARE UNDER EXECUTION ARE PROVIDED THEIR
  AUTHORIZED QUOTA OF WATER AS EXISTING USES.
• NEED FOR ADDITIONAL STORAGES ON THE INDUS AND
  OTHER RIVERS ADMITTED AND RECOGNIZED FOR
  PLANNED FUTURE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT.
• NEED FOR MINIMUM ESCAPAGES TO SEA BELOW KOTRI
  TO CHECK SEA INTRUSION RECOGNIZED. FURTHER
  STUDIES DESIRED TO ESTABLISH MINIMAL ESCAPAGE
  NEEDS BELOW KOTRI.

70
SALIENT FEATURES OF ACCORD 1991

• NO RESTRICTIONS ON BALUCHISTAN TO DEVELOP WATER
  RESOURCES OF INDUS TRIBUTARIES FLOWING THROUGH
  ITS AREA.
• NEED FOR ESTABLISHING INDUS RIVER
  AUTHORITY FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ACCORD
  RECOGNIZED AND ACCEPTED.
• IRSA TO HAVE HEADQUARTERS AT LAHORE AND TO HAVE
  REPRESENTATION FROM THE FOUR PROVINCES.
• SHARING PROCEDURE LAID DOWN IN PARA (14) OF THE
  ACCORD
• PROVINCES ARE FREE TO UNDER TAKE NEW
  PROJECTS WITHIN THEIR AGREED SHARES.

71
APPORTIONMENT OF INDUS WATERS FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
BROCHURE

• MAIN FEATURES
• Existing uses of all province protected
• Under executed project of NWFP and Balochistan
  to be treated as Existing uses.
• Studies to determine minimum escapages below
  Kotri to Check Sea Intrusion.
• Allocation to different system to be worked out
  separately on the basis of ten daily uses. These
  uses to determine sharing of shortages and
  surpluses on all Pakistan basis

72
INDUS RIVER SYSTEM AUTHORITY

• REQUIRED TO IMPLEMENT THE WATER ACCORD
• COMPRISES FIVE MEMBERS ONE FROM EACH
  PROVINCE AND ONE FROM FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
• FIRST CHAIRMAN MEMBER BALOCHISTAN FOLLOWED BY
  NWFP, PUNJAB, SINDH FEDERAL
• TERM OF OFFICE
• CHAIRMAN ONE YEAR
• MEMBER THREE YEARS

73
DECISION MAKING PROCESS IN IRSA

• DECISIONS TAKEN BY MAJORITY VOTES
• IN CASE OF EQUALITY OF VOTES, CHAIRMAN
  EXERCISES CASTING VOTE.
• AGGRIEVED PARTY TO APPROACH COUNCIL OF COMMON
  INTEREST FOR REDRESSAL

74
CHIEF EXECUTIVEs DIRECTIVES

• All members of IRSA should be qualified
  engineers instead of Govt. Official.
• Shifting of IRSA headquarter from Lahore to
  Islamabad to be done immediately
• federal Member of IRSA should be from Sindh. A
  suitable panel in this regard may be obtained
  and submitted for approval to Chief executive
  secretarial.
• Case for installation of telemetry
  system at all the required place (without any
  duplication with WAPDA,s System ) be initiated
  immediately

75
SHARING PROCEDURE
PARA (14) OF ACCORD. 14(a) The System Wise
Allocations will be worked out separately on ten
daily basis and will be attached with this
agreement as part and pacel of it. 14(b) The
record of actual Average System uses for the
period 1977-82 would form the guide line for
developing a future regulation pattern. These
ten daily uses would be adjusted pro-rata to
correspond to indicated seasonal allocations of
the different canal systems and would form the
basis for sharing shortages and surpluses on all
Pakistan basis.
76
WATER APPORTIONMENT ACCORD 1991 SHARING
CONTROVERSY

• SINDH HOLDS THAT THE AVAILABLE RIVER SUPPLY
  SHOULD BE SHARED BETWEEN PUNJAB AND SINDH ON
  THE BASIS OF PARA (2) ACCORD ALLOCATIONS
  REFLECTED IN PARA 14(a) OF THE ACCORD.
• PUNJAB EMPHASIZES THAT THE RELEVANT CLAUSE FOR
  SHARING OF AVAILABLE RIVER SUPPLY IS PARA 14 (b)
  OF THE ACCORD, WHICH ENVISAGES SHARING OF
  SHORTAGES AND SURPLUSES ON ALL PAKISTAN BASIS ON
  THE BASIS OF AVERAGE SYSTEM USES 1977-82.

77
WATER APPORTIONMENT ACCORD
(MAF)
78
Comparison Of Provincial Water Sharing As Per
Para 14 (B) And Para 2 Of Water Accord 1991
(All figures in MAF)
79
Provincial Water Sharing In Indus Basin
80
PUNJAB SINDH CANAL WATER APPLICATION PARAMETERS

• PUNJAB SINDH
• CCA (Million Acers) 20.78 12.80
• CROPPED AREA (Million Acers) 25.0 11.50
• ACCORD ALLOCATION (MAF) 55.94 48.76
• HISTORIC USE (MAF) 54.40 43.70
• WATER ALLOWANCE (cfs/1000 ac)
• PERENNIAL 2.50-4.25 2.7-9.00
• NON-PERENNIAL 3.25-6.36 6.00-17.6

81
PUNJAB SINDH CANAL WATER APPLICATION PARAMETERS

• PUNJAB SINDH
• AVERAGE ACCORD ALLOCATIONS 2.70 3.81
• PER ACRE OF CCA (FEET)
• AVERAGE HISTORIC USES PER
• ACRE CROPPED AREA (FT) 2.18 3.80
• CROP PRODUCTION
• WHEAT 78 15
• COTTON 75-80 20
• RICE 50 40

82
INDUS WATERS APPORTIONMENT ACCORD 1991 PROPOSED
WATER SHARING FORMULA

• IN ORDER TO RESOLVE WATER SHARING CONTROVERSY
  PUNJAB PROPOSED FOLLOWING COMPROMISE FORMULA.
• a) If River availability is up to 103 MAF
  sharing between Punjab and Sindh should be based
  on average system uses of 1977-82 (Para 14-b).
• b) Additional availability from 103 to 114-35
  MAF be shared according to Para 14 (a).
• WATER SHARING DURING KHARIF 2003 WAS
  SATISFACTORILY EFFECTED ACCORDING TO THIS
  COMPROMISE FORMULA.
• COMPROMISE FORMULA IS SUPPORTED AS A FALL BACK
  POSITION.

83
INDUS WATERS APPORTIONMENT ACCORD 1991 PROPOSED
WATER SHARING FORMULA

• IN ORDER TO RESOLVE WATER SHARING CONTROVERSY
  PUNJAB PROPOSED FOLLOWING COMPROMISE FORMULA.
• a) If River availability is up to 103 MAF
  sharing between Punjab and Sindh should be based
  on average system uses of 1978-82 (Para 14-b).
• b) Additional availability from 103 to 114-35
  MAF be shared according to Para 14(a).
• WATER SHARING DURING KHARIF 2003 IS BEING
  SATISFACTORILY EFFECTED ACCORDING TO THIS
  COMPROMISE FORMULA.
• FINAL DECISION FOR ADOPTING THIS COMPROMISE
  FORMULA IS AWAITED.

84
MINIMUM ESCAPAGE TO SEA BELOW KOTRI AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
85
MINIMUM ESCAPAGE TO SEA BELOW KOTRI

• PARA (7) OF WATER ACCORD AS RE-PRODUCED BELOW
  RECOGNIZES NEED FOR MINIMUM ESCAPAGE BELOW KOTRI.
• THE NEED FOR CERTAIN MINIMUM ESCAPAGES TO
  SEA,BELOW KOTRI, TO CHECK SEA INTRUSION WAS
  RECOGNIZED. SINDH HELD THE VIEW, THAT THE
  OPTIMUM LEVEL WAS 10 MAF, WHICH WAS DISCUSSED AT
  LENGTH, WHILE OTHER STUDIES INDICATED LOWER /
  HIGHER FIGURES. IT WAS, THEREFORE, DECIDED THAT
  FURTHER STUDIES WOULD BE UNDERTAKEN TO ESTABLISH
  THE MINIMAL ESCAPAGE NEEDS DOWN STREAM KOTRI.

86
MINIMUM ESCAPAGE TO SEA BELOW KOTRI

• CONCURRENT DOCUMENT ISSUED BY FEDERAL GOVT. ON
  21st MARCH, 1991 ENTITLED APPORTIONMENT OF THE
  INDUS WATERS (PROMISE AND PROSPECTS) STIPULATES.
• A MINIMUM ESCAPAGE TO SEA BELOW
  KOTRI WILL BE ALLOWED TO CHECK SEA INTRUSION.
  SINDHS ESTIMATE WAS 10 MAF BUT THE FINAL FIGURE
  WILL BE DETERMINED AFTER FURTHER STUDIES.
• AS A FOLLOW UP ACTION TO THE WATER ACCORD CCI IN
  ITS MEETING ON 16 SEPTEMBER, 1991 DIRECTED THAT
  PROPOSED STUDIES BE CARRIED OUT BY INTERNATIONAL
  PANEL OF EXPERTS WITH IN ONE YEAR OF SIGNING THE
  AGREEMENT.

87
MINIMUM ESCAPAGE TO SEA BELOW KOTRI

• SINDH HELD THE VIEW THAT PROPOSED STUDIES SHOULD
  INCLUDE SEA INTRUSION AS WELL AS ECOLOGY OF THE
  INDUS RIVER DELTA.
• IRSA DECIDED ON 20.08.1994 BY A MAJORITY OF 4 TO
  1 THAT THE PROPOSED STUDIES SHOULD BE RESTRICTED
  TO SEA INTRUSION ONLY.
• PUNJAB CONSIDERS THAT THE PROPOSED STUDIES UNDER
  THE ACCORD SHOULD BE RESTRICTED TO SEA INTRUSION
  ONLY AS ENVISAGED IN PARA 7 OF THE ACCORD AS WELL
  AS IN THE CONCURRENT DOCUMENT.
• IRSA ALSO APPROVED THE TERMS OF REFERENCE (TORs)
  FOR THE STUDIES.

88
MINIMUM ESCAPAGE TO SEA BELOW KOTRI

• FEDERAL MINISTRY OF WATER AND POWER DECIDED ON
  21st OCTOBER, 2002 TO UNDER TAKE TWO INDEPENDENT
  STUDIES-
• i) To check Sea Intrusion as per TORs approved
  by IRSA
• ii) Ecology of Indus Delta as per TORs proposed
  by Sindh
• PUNJAB HELD THE VIEW THAT SINCE STUDY (I) FOR SEA
  INTRUSION IS OBLIGATORY UNDER THE ACCORD THIS
  SHOULD BE UNDER TAKEN FORTH WITH.

89
MINIMUM ESCAPAGE TO SEA BELOW KOTRI

• PUNJAB FURTHER EMPHASIZED THAT THE STUDY (II)
  REGARDING ECOLOGY SHOULD ALSO COVER AREAS IN
  PAKISTAN PUNJAB AS WELL AS OTHER PROVINCES
  AFFECTED BY INDUS BASIN TREATY 1960 AND THE
  DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY. TORs OF
  THIS STUDY BE AGREED BY ALL THE PROVINCES BEFORE
  IT IS LAUNCHED (StudyIII)
• PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE ON WATER REASOURCES IN
  ITS MEETING ON 16TH DECEMEBER 03 DECIDED TO
  UNDER TAKE STUDY I AND II IMMEDIATELY AND STUDY
  III REGARDING ENVIORNMENT CONCERNS IN OTHER
  PROVINCES WITH IN SIXTY DAYS.

90
INDUS RIVER DELTA

• EXTENDS FROM KARACHI TO INDIAN BORDER NEAR RUNN
  OF KUCHH AND IS 125 MILES LONG.
• ARABIAN SEA TIDAL WAVES INTRUDE ON TO THE SEA
  COAST IN A STRIP OF 5 TO 25 MILES AFFECTING 15.3
  LAC ACRES.
• FLOOD BUNDS HAVE BEEN CONSTRUCTED ALONG INDUS
  RIVER FROM KOTRI BARRAGE UPTO START OF AREA
  AFFECTED BY TIDAL WAVES. THE FLOOD BUNDS ARE 5
  MILES APART STOP 25 MILES AWAY FROM THE SEA
• A LARGE PART OF INDUS DELTA (About 32 Lac Acres)
  HAS BEEN RECLAIMED AS CONSEQUENCE OF KOTRI
  BARRAGE WORKS AND IS BEING IRRIGATED BY LEFT AND
  RIGHT BANK CANALS NAMELY PANYARI, PHULELI, LINED
  CANAL AND KALRI CANALS SYSTEMS.

91
INDUS RIVER DELTA

• WIDTH OF DELTA WITHIN THE FLOOD BUNDS REDUCED TO
  ONLY 5 MILES AND AREA AFFECTED WITHIN THE BUNDS
  IS LESS THAN 3 LAC ACRES.
• TO CHECK SEA INTRUSION WITHIN FLOOD BUNDS
  REQUIRES CONSTRUCTION OF GATED STRUCTURES ACROSS
  INDUS RIVER.
• TO CHECK SEA INTRUSION ALONG THE WHOLE SEA COAST
  OF SINDH MEASURING 125 MILE WHICH IS A REGULAR
  TIDAL ACTIVITY REQUIRES HUGE DYKES ON THE
  PATTERN OF HOLLAND.
• HAVING CHECKED THE SEA INTRUSION, RECLAIMED
  LANDS CAN BE DEVELOPED BY FURTHER EXTENSION OF
  THE EXISTING CANAL SYSTEM AND RATIONALIZATION OF
  WATER ALLOWANCES.

92
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93
National Program for Lining of watercourse
94
THE PERSPECTIVE

• The issue of water management was considered in
  a meeting taken by the President of Pakistan on
  29th September 2003.
• It was the decided to launch a National Program
  of lining and improvement of all the unimproved
  watercourses.
• The following Federal level Committee has been
  constituted to work out details for launching
  the National Program.
• Federal Minister for food Agriculture
  (Chairman)
• Secretary Ministry of Food Agriculture and Live
  Stock (Member)
• Secretary Ministry of Finance (Member)
• Secretary Planning Development Division
  (Member)
• E.N.C. Pak Army (Member)
• Mr. Jahangir Tareen MNA (Member)

95
WATERCOURSE LINING NATIONAL SCENARIO
96
WATERCOURSE LINING THE PUNJAB SCENARIO
97
WATER COURSE IMPROVEMENT APPROACH

• Generally 15 length of main watercourse is
  lined in FGW while upto 30 is lined in Saline
  areas while the earthen improvement is carried
  out in the remaining length of watercourse.
• The main watercourse constitutes around 20 - 25
  of the total length of watercourses including
  the field watercourses in local command areas of
  the outlet.
• Thus the extent of lined length is limited only
  to 3 to 6 of the total length of watercourse
  in the local command depending upon groundwater
  quality.
• Lining being only limited, the main work is that
  of improvement of earthen watercourse and
  installation of pacca nakkas

98
IMPACTS OF WATER COURSE LINING

• Saving of Seepage Losses due to lining of 3 or
  6 lengths of watercourse would be quite
  limited.
• Operational losses due to improvement of water
  courses and installation of pacca nakkas are
  reduced to varying degrees which results in
  improvement of irrigation efficiency at local
  level.
• There have been quite serious concerns regarding
  sustainability of WUAs and post-project
  maintenance of the lined watercourses.

99
WATER LOSSES IN THE IRRIGATION SYSTEM
100
MAJOR ISSUES

• It has been indicated by the Planning Commission
  that as a result of launching of National Program
  for Lining of Watercourses, there would hardly be
  any funding left for other Water Sector Projects
  being financed under PSDP.
• Lining of Watercourses is a local area
  improvement intervention, while the Projects
  conceived for rehabilitation / improvement of
  irrigation infrastructure are of strategic
  importance. The implementation of these projects
  can not be delayed, because any consequent
  failure of the aging irrigation system may result
  in collosal and unrecoverable loss to the
  national economy due to stoppage of irrigation
  supplies.
• The past performance of OFWM Projects indicate
  that the average number of watercourses lined per
  annum was around 1,000, while the maximum
  achievement was around 2000 watercourses in a
  year. The present Program envisages lining of
  7,000 watercourses per year.

101
OVERALL RECOMMENDATIONS

• OFWM Programs are local area efficiency
  improvement program and may be funded to the
  extent of need and implementation capacity.
• While there is no doubt that the lining of
  watercourses shall efficiently deliver water to
  tail farmers, the priority of this program
  cannot be higher than the strategic Irrigation
  Projects planned for the safety and up-gradation
  of the irrigation infrastructure.
• Matter may be taken up with federal government
  to impress upon them not to divert funding from
  Mega irrigation Projects of Punjab (Irrigation
  System Rehabilitation, Barrages Rehabilitation /
  Modernization and Lining of Distributaries).
• The lining of water course may be financed from
  World Bank funded OFWM-IV Project which is
  being implemented nationally and Punjab's
  component is being financed at Rs 3.5
  billion. The World Bank can be approached to
  suitably enhance their funding for the purpose.

102
MAIN RECOMMENDATIONS
103
MAIN RECOMMENDATIONS

• Punjab Irrigation System is under tremendous
  stress due to increase in water requirements in
  sequel to rapid population increase and
  agriculture development. Canal System is designed
  hardly to supply 40 50 of the over all crop
  requirements.
• Pakistan is faced with serious water scarcity
  which is continuously aggravating with
  progressive sedimentation of existing reservoirs,
  occurrence of periodic drought cycles and
  depletion of fresh water aquifers due to over
  pump page.
• IMMEDIATE CONSTRUCTION OF A NEW STORAGE IS
  REQUIRED TO
• i) Compensate for storage loss of existing
  Reservoirs due to sedimentation.
• ii) Sustain existing irrigated Agriculture.
• iii) Effect future Agricultural Development.
• iv) Meet rapidly growing power demand.
• v) Regulate and control Flood Peaks.

104
MAIN RECOMMENDATIONS

• NEW RESERVOIR WHICH CAN DELIVER ADDITIONAL SUPPLY
  IMMEDIATELY IS SUPPORTED IN THE FOLLOWING ORDER
  OF PREFERENCE.
• i) Kalabagh with outlets on either side.
• ii) Akhori either simultaneously or after
  Kalabagh.
• iii) Basha.
• v) Skardu / Katzara.
• Punjab considers Water Accord of 1991 as
  sacrosanct and should be implemented in totality.
  Punjab does not support re-opening of settled
  issues like present and previous Accords and
  Treaties as it would open a Pandoras Box leading
  to serious controversies amongst the provinces
  totally blocking development of water resources
  in Pakistan.
• Existing sharing arrangements of river supplies
  on the base line of actual average system uses of
  1977-82 as envisaged in para 14 (B) of the Water
  Accord may continue till the available supply is
  short of 114.35 MAF.

105
MAIN RECOMMENDATIONS

• Punjab agreed to undertake obligatory study No, 1
  regarding releases below Kotri to check sea
  intrusion and an other study No. 2 for
  environmental concerns of Indus Delta immediately
  and study No. 3 regarding environmental concerns
  in Pakistan within 60 days as per decision of the
  Parliamentary Committee.
• Lining of water channels is a management option
  complementing management activities and is not a
  substitute or alternate to construction of new
  major storages.
• Punjab re-iterates its views that the existing
  procedures adopted by IRSA to determine filling
  criteria of Mangla and Terbela Reservoirs are in
  order and need no modification.
• Punjab emphasizes postponement of Raised Mangla
  Project till 2020 and divert resources to
  immediate construction of a new reservoir on
  Indus River. Resettlement and land acquisition
  activities of this project may be continued and
  completed before this project is undertaken.

106
WATER APPORTIONMENT ACCORD, 1991 WATER
AVAILABILITY FOR NEW STORAGE DAMS
(MAF)

• AVERAGE RIM STATION INFLOWS IN WESTERN 150 (
  )
• AND EASTERN RIVERS (1975-2003)
• AVERAGE ESCAPAGES BELOW KOTRI (1975-2003)
  35
• AVERAGE SYSTEM USES (1977-82) 103
• - PARA (2) ACCORD USES 114
  EXPECTED INDIANS WITHDRAWALS
• WESTERN RIVERS 3.0
• EASTERN RIVERS 2.0
• - EXPECTED AVERAGE NET BALANCE AVAILABLE
  30
• FOR STORAGES (includes 11 MAF of Para 2)

107
Comparison of Large Dams and Hydropower Projects
108
Comparison of Large Dams and Hydropower Projects
109
RAISING OF MANGLA DAM
110
MANGLA RAISING PROJECT SALIENT FEATURES

• THE PROJECT IS APPROVED BY ECNEC AT A COST OF Rs
  62.0 BILLION WITH A MAJOR COMPONENT OF
  RESETTLMENT COSTING OVER RS. 30 BILLION
• A PROVISION WAS MADE IN THE ORIGINAL DESIGN FOR
  FUTURE RAISING OF THE MANGLA DAM EMBANKMENT BY 40
  FT TO OFFSET THE FUTURE CAPACITY LOSS DUE TO
  SILTATION AND TO CONTINUE TO MEET THE ESSENTIAL
  REPLACEMENT NEEDS OF THE PUNJAB CANALS
• NOW THE PROPOSED RAISING IS 10 FT LESS THAN
  DESIGN PROVISION, RESULTING IN PERMANENT LOSS OF
  0.7 MAF REPLACEMENT POTENTIAL

111
MANGLA RAISING PROJECT SALIENT FEATURES

• RAISING MANGLA DAM IS NOT A NEW DAM PROJECT BUT
  IS THE REHABILITATION OF THE PROGRESSIVE LOSS BY
  SILTATION OF THE ORIGINAL LIVE STORAGE CAPACITY.
• AGAINST 2.9 MAF STATED AS ADDITIONAL CAPACITY OF
  RAISING MANGLA LAKE,1.88 MAF WOULD COMPENSATE FOR
  THE ALREADY SILTATION LOSS. THE BALANCE WOULD GET
  ERODED IN ANOTHER 15 TO 20 YEARS BY PROGRESSIVE
  SILTATION AND FOR THE LIKELY RAISING OF THE
  MANGLA DEAD STORAGE LEVEL TO CHECK ADVANCEMENT OF
  DELTA.

112
MANGLA RAISING PROJECT THE MAIN ISSUES

• THE MAIN ISSUE FOR RAISING MANGLA IS THAT THE
  OTHER PROVINCES HAVE STARTED MAKING A CLAIM ON
  MANGLA STORAGE AS IF IT IS A DEVELOPMENT STORAGE
  UNDER PARA 4 OF WATER ACCORD 1991.
• THE FILLING OF RAISED MANGLA IS HIGHLY UNCERTAIN
  IT WOULD NOT FILL 4 OUT OF 10 YEARS.
• IT IS ALSO BEING POSTULATED THAT RAISED MANGLA
  WOULD BE CONSIDERED TO REDUCE PUNJAB EXISTING
  SHARE FROM INDUS RIVER WATERS. THE DOUBTFUL,
  ERRATIC AND UNCERTAIN ADDITIONAL MANGLA STORAGE
  WOULD BE SHOWN AGAINST PUNJAB, AND PUNJAB WOULD
  BE PUSHED TO FORGO ITS SHARE FROM INDUS RIVER
  SUPPLIES AND TARBELA STORAGE.

113
MANGLA RAISING PROJECT PROPOSED PUNJAB STAND

• THE CLAIM OF OTHER PROVINCES FOR ANY DEVELOPMENT
  STORAGE SHARE IS NOT TENABLE AND CANNOT BE
  SUPPORTED BECAUSE RAISED MANGLA IS NOT A NEW DAM
  UNDER THE WATER ACCORD 1991
• IT IS APPREHENDED THAT MANGLA RAISING WOULD
  CREATE MORE CONTROVERSIES AND DISHARMONY AMONGST
  THE PROVINCES.
• IT IS THERE FORE PROPOSED THAT MANGLA DAM RAISING
  MAY ADVISABLY BE STARTED WHEN CAPACITY LOSS BY
  SILTATION EXCEEDS 2.00MAF AFTER YEAR 2020.
  HOWEVER MEASURES MAY BE INITIATED FOR
  RESETTLEMENT AND LAND ACQUISITION FOR PLANNED DAM
  RAISING

114
LOCATION MAP
Skardu Dam Site
BASHA DAM SITE
Akori Dam Site
Kalabagh Dam Site
115
UPGRADATION / RELOCATION OF KKH FORBASHA DIAMER
DAM PROJECT
94 km
281 km
Length of Section
40 km
Hasanabdal
116
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