Peer to peer networks Distributed innovation

1
Peer to peer networks Distributed innovation

• Niloy Ganguly
• IIT Kharagpur
• National Conference on
• Decentralized Innovation
• Focus on Rural and Small Urban Enterprises
• 16-17 March 2007

2
Talk Overview

• Peer to peer networks
• Introduction and various utilities
• P2p in social perspective
• Random thoughts
• Emerging Technologies
• Ultra cheap Telephony

3
Peer To Peer Network

• Most Direct Method of Connecting Computers
• Simple
• Inexpensive
• No Boss
• No Regulation

4
Peer To Peer Network

• Most Direct Method of Connecting Computers
• Simple
• Inexpensive
• No Boss
• No Regulation

5
Peer To Peer Network

• PCs at the edge of the network are called Peers
• Peers can retrieve objects directly from each
  other

Advantages of a P2P Network
A large collection of peers may be available for
content distribution--sometimes millions! User
takes advantage of the networks currently
available resources.
6
Application File sharing
Machines exchange files within themselves Each
machine shares a set of files

• P2P networks generate more traffic than any other
  internet application
• 2/3 of all bandwidth on some backbones

Topology of Gnutella Network
7
Application File sharing
8
Application Internet Telephony
Skype

• VoIP
• Voice over IP (Internet Protocol)
• Telephony over the Internet
• Skype
• Most popular VoIP application
• Free calls to other Skype users
• Cheap calls ( 1p/min) to landlines mobiles
• Various add-on facilities also available

9
Application Internet Telephony
Skype

• Skype as a telephone
• Skype can be used as a conventional telephone
• Particularly useful on laptops for the traveller
• Sense of presence know if recipient is online
  (can switch off)
• Instant messaging
• Additional features
• Integration with Web browser (sharing browsing)
• Video Skype

10
Usage Scenarios

• How Skype can be used
• Conventional phone replacement (office/home)
• On laptops, when travelling
• Conference calls (on-the-fly)
• Listening in to lectures (nb. accessibility
  benefits)
• Recording talks (e.g. interviews for Podcasts)
• Support for remote workers
• Help desk support (e.g. VoIP-based Ask Me
  reference desk)
• .

11
Application Distributed Processing
Huge number crunching for Cancer
Research Seti_at_Home - Search for Extraterrestrial
Intelligence Two million computers crunching
data gathered from the Arecibo radio telescope
in Puerto Rico. The project produces over 15
teraflops4 of processing throughput. As a
comparison, ANSI white, the world's most
powerful supercomputer, produces 12 teraflops of
processing throughput at a cost of us110
million.
12
Application Publisher Subscribe
13
Talk Overview

• Peer to peer networks
• Introduction and various utilities
• P2p in social perspective
• Random thoughts
• Emerging Technologies
• Ultra cheap Telephony

14
Placing p2p in the context of the evolution of
technology

• Tribal-era technologies extremities of limbs
• Agricultural technologies extension of muscular
  systems
• Industrial era central body and internal
  metabolic functions
• Information age nervous system (telephone and
  telegraph), mind (computer),

15
Placing p2p in the context of the evolution of
technology

• Participative but not differentiated
• Differentiated but not participative
• Humans become dumb extension of machine
• Machine become intelligent
• Machine seen as extension of brain rather than
  limbs
• A participation paradigm arises

16
Hacker ethics

• Mass intellectuality increases through formal and
  informal education
• Meaning in life is no longer sought in the sphere
  of salaried work but through in life in general.
• Entertainment is sought through work guiding
  free software production (socialization)

17
Emergence of p2p network

• Technological artifacts are a social
  construction, reflecting various social interests
• Capital, engineering communities, critical voice
  within society, consumers
• Internet was explicitly defined to enable peer-to
  peer collaboration
• Technology reflects a new way of being or feeling

18
Emergence of Peer to peer network

• One-to-one to many-to-one to many-to-many media
• Information abundance
• Redundancy of information
• Hence extremely robust p2p networks emerge

19
Corporate Changes

• Fixed arrangement reduces transaction cost
• For business process, keyword becomes flow and
  integration of endless flow

20
Corporate Changes

• Fixed arrangement reduces transaction cost
• For business process, keyword becomes flow and
  integration of endless flow
• Flattening of hierarchy
• Sub-unit becomes complex, hence to be granted
  more autonomy
• What is produced and not how is it produced.
• Peer to peer form of communication is becoming
  imperative for corporate competitiveness

21
Communism of Capital

• Processes no longer internally integrated,
  externally integrated in vast webs of
  inter-company cooperation.
• Potential damaging consumers.
• Workers learning in a series of interaction/
  training program
• Complexity, innovation-dependent and time-based
• E-bay, amazon consumer feedback

22
Distributed Innovation Open software

• Free software rejects the ownership of software
• Open Source ownership is there but one can
  change
• Within the systems but partly transcends it
• Attractive for efficiency
• Used by IBM and Microsofts rival, EU
• Internet infrastructure Apache server, Linux
• P2p dialogues are not representative dialogues in
  which participants represent their various
  religions, rather they are encounters of
  composite and hybrid experience in which each
  full expresses his different understanding,
  building a spiritual commons.

23
Distributed Innovation Deinstitutionalization

• No formal rules to engage in knowledge exchange
  (no formal degrees)
• Open Universities university of Openness
• The uo is a framework in which individuals and
  organizations can pursue their shared interest
• Any member may start a faculty to socialize their
  research with the Uo.
• News regulation (trustworthiness)
• No need of any Wall Street journal

24
Distributed Innovation Dot-com burst and
decommodification

• Dotcom burst shows use value cannot be converted
  to exchange value
• P2p creates massive use-value, but no automatic
  exchange value and thus it cannot fund itself
• P2p sphere can work with more and more autonomy,
  creating more and more use value, slowly creating
  a cohesive system within system

25
Marginal trend or premise of new civilization

• Historical development of capitalism in 11th to
  13th century
• Roman empire
• Bernat poirot-delpech in Le Monde nothing ever
  changes, we are bored with this country
• Argentina after the economic shock

26
Talk Overview

• Peer to peer networks
• Introduction and various utilities
• P2p in social perspective
• Random thoughts
• Emerging Technologies
• Ultra cheap Telephony

27
Emerging Technology Grid and cluster
Supercomputer formed by connecting together a
number of small computers with high speed
interconnectivity
28
Emerging Technology Adhoc Network
A network where the nodes are the mobile devices.
Mobile devices themselves form connectivity
within themselves without the help of any base
station
29
Emerging Technology Mesh Network
A network of low cost mesh, some of the meshes
having satellite connection
30
Emerging Technology Delay Tolerant Network
No need of connection-oriented network. Here
nodes act as post-man carrying the information to
the destination
31
Talk Overview

• Peer to peer networks
• Introduction and various utilities
• P2p in social perspective
• Random thoughts
• Emerging Technologies
• Ultra cheap Telephony

32
Bangladesh (GrameenPhone)

• A few phones (or just one) cover a whole village
• Telephone ladies entrepreneurs they buy
  phones and other equipment, then charge for
  their use
• Loans (microcredit) from Grameen Bank, support
  from Grameen Telecom
• Grameen Phone uses GSM (not the cheapest
  technology), but charges ½ the urban rate for
  local calls (0.04/min in 2001)
• Everyone wins!
• Farmers other callers save
• Telephone ladies earn well, gain independence
  respect
• Grameen Phone earns (major owner Telenor!)
• Grameen Bank earns , Nobel Peace Prize

33
Local low cost
Ruralfone (Brazil)

• Standard GSM is used, but all equipment is
  produced in Brazil ? low cost
• Other needed goods purchased locally when
  possible
• Employees are all locally hired (except 2 on
  management team)
• Intense local interaction contact with
  customers
• Local calls (in town) are cheap
• unlimited local calls 16/month, or
• Plano Basico, local calls, 0.10/min
• Launched in Quixadá May 2005, profitable after 10
  mos

34
Mesh in the jungle
Yachana (FUNEDESIN), Amazonas, Ecuador

• Isolated complex (2.5 hours by motorized canoe)
  high school, ecotourism lodge, science center,
  medical clinic, offices
• Wireless broadband (WiFi) in a mesh network
  (many-to-many, so access points are also routers)
• VoIP over the WiFi mesh
• Solar power, satellite uplink ? VoIP to Skype
  cheap, but has a delay
• Plans to link to the cellphone network

35
Towards ultra-cheap telephony(Telenor RI
project)

• Choose wireless broadband in unlicensed band
• no license fee
• mass-produced components ? low cost
• mesh topology, smart antennas
• open source software
• handset is not (yet) cheap
• focus on stand-alone but accessible communities
• local calls can be very cheap
• estimate 7080 of calls are local
• backhaul wireless point-to-point connection to
  nearest town with cellular network
• A possible cost target 0.0015/minute for local
  calls

36
What about peer-to-peer?

• P2P works best on top of reliable connections,
  building an overlay network
• So other technologies are needed for cheap local
  access, while P2P can give very cheap connection
  on a global scale

37
(No Transcript)
38
Evolution of Collective Intelligence

• Tribal Intelligence
• Pyramidal Structure
• Swarm Intelligence
• Collective Intelligence
• Sufficient money
• Open standard
• Information system to regulate symbolic exchange
• Permanent connection with cyberspace
• Personal development to acquire the capabilities
  of such cooperation

39
Cognitive Capitalists

• All assets abstracted into stocks, predominance
  of immaterial flows
• Knowledge workers clearly becomes the key sector
  of the multitudes
• Vectorial class - hacker class producing new
  means of production

40
P2p Dialogues

• P2p dialogues are not representative dialogues in
  which participants represent their various
  religions , rather they are encounters of
  composite and hybrid experience in which each
  full expresses his different understanding,
  building a spiritual commons.

41
Three scenarios of co-existence

• Peaceful co-existence
• Cognitive capitalism partly incorporates, partly
  destroying p2p ethos.
• P2p sphere can work with more and more autonomy,
  creating more and more use value, slowly creating
  a cohesive system within system.

42
Emerging Technology Adhoc Network