DEMOCRACY

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DEMOCRACY
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DEFINING DEMOCRACY
Essence of Democracy is POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY
popular sovereignty the people rule
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Two methods by which "the people can rule"
1. Directly
Direct Democracy
(aka The Classical or Greek Conception)
a. collective decision-making
b. participatory
2. Indirectly
Representative Democracy
(aka liberal democracy)
Dahl's "Polyarchy"

• The people choose their rulers-- they do not
  themselves rule

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REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
Elements Three Essential

• Competition among potential officials for the
  right to hold office, and thereby wield the
  authority and power of the state
• Selection of officials takes place through
  contested elections, and the right to represent
  adheres in the number of votes obtained.
• The articulation and organization of political
  interests, and the transmission of politically
  relevant information, takes place autonomously
  from the state (outside the control of government
  officials).

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For popular sovereignty to exist within a system
of representative democracy, the people must be
free from the control of officialdom in the
articulation, organization, and mobilization of
their own perceived political interests.
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CIVIL SOCIETY
Social space autonomous from state control
within which individuals are free to organize
in order to pursue their perceived interests
by effecting the allocation of societal
resources through the electoral process.
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The socio-economic conditions for the rise and
maintenance of a democratic order can be found in
the processes of industrialization and
modernization.
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Basic Components of Industrial Order

• Production is geared to exchange not subsistence
• Use of non-animate sources of power in economic
  production
• Application of scientific and engineering
  knowledge to production
• Factors of production (labor, capital, raw
  materials) are concentrated in large units

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MODERNIZATION and MODERNITY

• Individuation replaces corporatism

Leverite Marriage
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MODERNIZATION and MODERNITY

• Individuation replaces corporatism
• Structural Differentiation
• social functions performed by specialized
  institutions
• Driven forward by industrialization

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Modernization and Democratization
Democracy requires moderate not intense internal
conflicts
Moderate Conflict 1) Differences are amenable
to compromise 2) Losers are willing to
accept outcomes 3) Rivals are viewed as opponents
Intense Conflict 1) Actors seek obliteration,
complete negation, of rivals 2) Rivals viewed as
enemies, not just opponents
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Modernization and Democratization
Individuation and Differentiation contributes to
1. Moderation of political conflict by creating
basis for cross-cutting political cleavages (in
contrast to over-lapping cleavages)
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Modernization and Democratization
Individuation and Differentiation contributes to
1. Moderation of political conflict by creating
basis for cross-cutting political cleavages (in
contrast to over-lapping cleavages)
2. Creating Cultural Basis for Civil Society
-- autonomy of the individual

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Requirements for Civil Society

• 1. Social strata with interest in limiting
  state's reach
• 2. Social strata with ability to resist state
• a. financial
• b. military
• c. organizational
• 3. Over time notion of autonomy is embedded in
  culture

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Modernization and Democratization
Individuation and Differentiation contributes to
1. Moderation of political conflict by creating
basis for cross-cutting political cleavages (in
contrast to over-lapping cleavages)
2. Creating Cultural Basis for Civil Society
3. Basis for Genuine Popular Sovereignty
-- autonomy of individual from group memberships

4. Basis of genuine electoral competition
--shifting rather than fixed party allegiance
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diffusion of resources to civil society
Social and Technological Conditions for effective
mass action
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structural differentiation
Modernization
individuation
diffusion of resources
Industrialization
new social classes