THE NATIONAL ECONOMY

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THE NATIONAL ECONOMY

• 1790 TO 1860

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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGINS

• STARTS IN BRITAIN
• THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY
• SLOW TO DEVELOP UN U.S.

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HOW DID IT START IN THE U.S.?

• SAMUEL SLATER FATHER OF THE FACTORY SYSTEM
• MOSES BROWN FINANCED SLATER.
• ELI WHITNEY
• COTTON GIN
• INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS

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NEW ENGLAND BECOMES INDUSTRIAL CENTER

• POOR SOIL
• DENSE POPULATION
• RIVER SYSTEM FOR POWER
• GOOD HARBORS
• IMPACT OF JEFFERSONS EMBARGO
• AND 1812 BLOCKADE

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OTHER INVENTIONS

• ELIAS HOWE THE SEWING MACHINE 1846
• ISAAC SINGER IMPROVES THE SEWING MACHINE
• READY MADE CLOTHING INDUSTRY
• SUCCESS BREEDS MORE INVENTIONS

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MORE

• JOHN DEER STEEL PLOW 1837
• CYRUS McCORMICK THE REAPER
• ROBERT FULTON- 1807 THE CLERMONT STEAMBOAT
• ROBERT MORSE- 1844 TELEGRAPH

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NEW WAYS OF FINANCE

• NEW YORK GENERAL INCORPORATION LAW 1848
• ADVANTAGES OF CORPORATIONS
• POOL CAPITAL
• LIMITED LIABILITY
• PROFESSIONAL MANAGEMENT
• IMMORTAL

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PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

• THE FACTORY SYSTEM
• EXPLOITATION OF WORKERS
• CAUSES EARLY LABOR UNIONS
• GOALS OF LABOR UNIONS
• COLLECTIVE BARGAINING
• HOW MANAGEMENT RESISTS UNIONS

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UNIONS ARE ILLEGAL CONSPIRACIES

• VIEWED AS COMMUNISTIC
• A SMALL STEP FORWARD FOR UNIONS
• COMMONWEALTH V HUNT 1842 COURT DECLARES UNIONS
  ARE NOT ILLEGAL CONSPIRACIES AS LONG AS THEY USE
  HONORABLE MEANS.

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AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

• PARALLELS INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
• OHIO VALLEY BECOMES AGRICULTURAL CENTER.
• CASH CROPS
• RIVERS ARE NOW TWO WAY STREETS
• THE RIVER BOAT BOOM

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THE CANAL FRENZY

• ERIE CANAL 1825 REDUCES COST OF TRANSPORTATION
• DE WITT CLINTON THE BUILDER
• SUCCESS LEADS TO MORE CANAL PROJECTS

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EARLY RAILROADS

• BRITISH BUILD THE FIRST
• FIRST U.S. RAILROAD THE BALTIMORE AND OHIO (B
  O) 1828
• BY 1860 30,000 MILES OF TRACK (MOST IN THE NORTH)

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TRANSPORTATION TIES THE UNION TOGETHER

• EARLY PATTERN NORTH TO SOUTH BECAUSE OF RIVERS
• BY 1840 A NEW PATTERN EAST TO WEST
• THE NATIONAL ROAD FROM VIRGINIA TO ILLINOIS

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IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ON WEALTH

• EARLY AMERICA WAS NOTED FOR EQUALITY
• INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION WIDENS GAP BETWEEN THE RICH
  AND THE POOR
• FIRST MILLIONAIRE JOHN JACOB ASTOR
• CITIES BRING ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY AND SLUMS
• SOCIAL MOBILITY

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INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE

• U.S. EXPORTS COTTON, CORN, WHEAT
• THE BLACK BALL LINE FIRST SCHEDULED SHIPPING
  BETWEEN BRITAIN U.S.
• 1819 THE SAVANNAH THE FIRST OCEAN GOING STEAM
  VESSEL
• U.S. RELIES ON THE YANKEE CLIPPER SHIP DESIGNED
  BY DONALD McKAY

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THE ATLANTIC CABLE

• CYRUS FIELDS TRIES TO TIE U.S. EUROPE TOGETHER
  WITH TELEGRAPH CABLE
• FAILS 5 TIME, SUCCESS ON THE 6TH TRY.

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REFORM AND CULTURE

• 1790-1860

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The Second Great Awakening

• State of American religion in early 18th century
• 75 of 23 million Americans attended church
  regularly
• Many church-goers had become more liberal in
  their thinking around 1800
• Effects
• Converted countless souls
• Shattered and reorganized churches and new sects.
  
• Fostered new reform movements Prison reform,
  temperance, women's movement, and abolition.
• Spread to the masses on the frontier by huge
  "camp meetings"    
• Peter Cartwright best known of Methodist "circuit
  riders (traveling preachers)
• Charles Grandison Finney the greatest of revival
  preachers        

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Denominational Diversity

• "Burned-Over District Western NY, many New
  England Puritans had settled there and the region
  became known for its "hellfire and damnation"
  sermons fragmentation occurred.
• Wealthier, better-educated levels of society not
  as affected by revivalism
• Less prosperous, less "learned" communities in
  the rural South and West most affected by
  revivalism
• Slavery issue split Baptists, Methodists, and
  Presbyterians along sectional lines.
• Mormons

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An Age of Reform

• Most reforms driven by evangelical religion
  (Second Great Awakening)
• Many of these modern idealists dreamed anew the
  old Puritan vision of a perfected society.
• Many desired to reaffirm traditional values as
  society plunged
• Women particularly prominent in reform crusades,
  esp. in their struggle for suffrage.
• Movements offered many middle-class women
  opportunities to escape the confines of home and
  enter public affairs.

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Major Issues

• Abolition of slavery
• Temperance
• Womens rights
• Education reform
• Ending war
• Conditions for the mentally ill
• Prison reform -- Push for reformatories rather
  than punitive institutions
• Ending imprisonment for debt

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Crusade against alcohol

• Alcohol abuse rampant in 19th c. America
• American Temperance Society
• T.S. Arthurs Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I
  Saw There (1854) described in shocking detail how
  a secure village was transformed by Sam Slade's
  tavern.
• 2nd best seller of the 1850s behind Stowe's
  Uncle Tom's Cabin.        
• Two Major strategies in early battles against
  alcohol
• Temperance -- Moderate use of alcohol rather than
  abstention
• Illegalize alcohol
• Neal S. Dow "Father of Prohibition" sponsored
  Maine Law of 1851 -- Prohibited the manufacture
  and sale of intoxicating liquor.
• Results
• Much less drinking among women than earlier in
  the century
• Less per capita consumption of hard liquor.
• Temperance the least sectional of all the reform
  movements.

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Women's Rights

• Sexual differences increasingly emphasized in
  19th
• America as a result of Industrial Revolution.
• Market separated men and women into sharply
  distinct economic roles.
• Women seen to be physically and emotionally weak
  but also artistic and refined.
• "Republican Motherhood" Women seen as keepers of
  society's conscience with special responsibility
  to teach children how to be good and productive
  citizens.
• Break away from role of homemaker and participate
  in the public world of men.

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Women's Rights

• Lucretia Mott
• Along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, organized
  Seneca Falls Convention
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Urged equality for women, rights to sue, rights
  to own real personal property.
• Susan B. Anthony
• Quaker protégé of Stanton militant lecturer for
  woman's rights
• Grimke sisters
• Angelina Grimke -- Southern white fierce speaker
  against slavery and later in favor of womens
  rights.
• Sara Grimke -- Powerful writer on behalf of the
  womens rights movement.
• Lucy Stone -- Helped organize first national
  womens rights convention in 1850.
• An avid abolitionist broke with male
  counterparts after the war over the dispute of
  womens suffrage.
• Retained her maiden name after she was married
• Women who follow her example are known as "Lucy
  Stoners"
• Amelia Bloomer -- Popularized the wearing of a
  short skirt with Turkish trousers.
• "Bloomers" were challenged to be too masculine
  and to convey immorality.
• Margaret Fuller
• Edited a transcendentalist journal, The Dial.

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Seneca Falls Convention

• Organized by Stanton and Mott
• "Declaration of Sentiments" "...all men and
  women are created equal."
• One resolution formally demanded womens'
  suffrage.
• Launched the modern woman's rights movement
• Attended by 61 women and 34 men.
• Woman's movement overshadowed by events of the
  era

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Education

• Support for free public education gradually
  supported by the wealthy
• Tax-supported public education triumphed between
  1825 and 1850
• Demanded education for their children.
• Free vote (Manhood suffrage) pushed free
  education.
• Horace Mann
• Argued key to reform was better education
• Established state normal schools to better train
  teachers.
• Secondary education lagged and 1 million people
  still illiterate by 1860
• Slaves forbidden to learn reading or writing
  even free northern blacks usually excluded.

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Education 2

• Noah Webster
• Dictionary helped standardize American English
• His readers and grammar books used by millions of
  children in 19th c.
• William H. McGuffey
• Grade school readers 1st published in 1830's.
• Lessons emphasized morality, patriotism, and
  idealism.
• Higher Education
• 2nd Great Awakening
• Women's schools in secondary ed. gained some
  respectability in 1820s.
• Emma Willard est. in 1821, the Troy (NY) Female
  Seminary.
• Lyceums

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American Peace Society

• Agitated for peace and gained momentum in the
  pre-Civil War years.
• Dorothea Dix worked to improve treatment of the
  mentally handicapped.
• Reports of incidents insane were often kept in
  chains.
• Resulted in improved conditions
• Appointed superintendent of women nurses for the
  Union forces during Civil War.

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Wilderness Perfection

• 1825, New Harmony, Indiana, the site of about
  1000 persons led by Robert Owen.
• Founded the first American kindergarten.
• First free public school
• First free public library.
• EXA MPLES
• Brook Farm in Mass. started in 1841 by 20
  intellectuals "plain living and high thinking"
• Prospered until 1846 when new communal building
  burned down.
• Nathaniel Hawthorne a resident
• Oneida Colony founded in NY in 1848 more radical
• Practices free love, birth control, and eugenic
  selection of parents to produce superior
  offspring.
• Believed in corporate marriage of all members to
  each other.
• Communal care of children.
• Equality of genders
• Colony flourished for over 30 years
• In 1879-80, group embraced monogamy and abandoned
  communism.

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Continued

• Shakers -- United Society of Believers in
  Christs Second Appearing
• Established in Lebanon, New York
• Longest-lived sect beginning in 1776 finally
  extinct in 1940.
• Set up about 20 religious communities membership
  about 6,000 in 1840
• Communistic
• Opposition to both marriage and free love led to
  their extinction.
• Believed in celibacy, equal spiritual value of
  men and women, and simplicity of architecture and
  furnishings.
• New members were adopted as orphans or recruited
  through conversion.
• Amana Community founded in Iowa in 1855
• Perfectionist communal society
• Millenialists
• Manufacturing business from community still in
  existence.
• Mormons considered by some to be a utopian
  society most successful

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American Family

• Women growing more conscious of themselves as
  individuals and as "sisters" as the male and
  female sex roles were becoming more increasingly
  divided.
• Increasing numbers of women avoided marriage 10
  by 1860
• Schoolteachers and in domestic service.
• Most women left their jobs upon marriage and
  became homemakers
• "Cult of domesticity" glorified traditional
  function of the homemaker.
• Godey's Lady's Book
• Founded in 1830, survived until 1898
• Promoted "cult of domesticity"

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Continued

• Catharine Beecher (daughter of Lyman Beecher and
  sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe)
• Called on American inventors to improve life for
  the homemaker
• Redesigned the American kitchen and home to
  provide more comfort for women and a nurturing
  environment for the family.
• Changes in the family
• Love, not "arrangement"
• Families grew smaller
• Avg. of 6 kids in 1800 less than 5 in 1900
  births fell 1/2 during the 19th c.
• Smaller families meant child-centered families
• Thus, outlines of the "modern family" were clear
  by mid-century.

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Frontier Experience Uniquely American

• Alexis de Toqueville's Democracy in America
• (1835) Individualism and equality formed the
  distinguishing values of antebellum American
  life.
• Defined the terms for discussion of the American
  character in the early half of the 19th century.
• Western life was extremely rough
• Westerners were generally more "crude" in their
  habits and lifestyle
• Highly individualistic
• Democracy on the frontier
• Equality reigned on the frontier (except
  slavery)
• White manhood suffrage came to be the rule.
• Lovers of freedom Cherished states' rights and
  localism
• Intensely patriotic and nationalistic

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Artistic Achievements

• Thomas Jefferson probably finest American
  architect of his generation
• Brought classical design to Monticello
• Artists
• Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828) among the best
  American painters of the era.
• Several portraits of Washington, all somewhat
  idealized an dehumanized.
• Charles Wilson Peale (1741-1827) painted some 60
  portraits of Washington.
• Hudson River School of Art
• Louis Daguerre, a Frenchman, invented a crude
  photograph known as the daguerreotype.
• Music Stephen Foster wrote famous black songs
  ("darky" tunes)

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Literature

• Few Americans read "polite" literature in early
  19th c.
• Poured most of their creative efforts into
  practical outlets
• American literature received a strong boost from
  nationalist wave after War of 1812.
• Knickerbockers Group
• Washington Irving (1783-1859)
• First American to win international recognition
  as a literary figure
• 1809, Knickerbocker's History of N.Y
• The Sketch Book
• Also a historian Washington's biography and
  other historical works.
• James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)
• First American novelist to gain world fame.
• The Spy (1821), Leatherstocking Tales Last of
  the Mohicans
• William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878)
• "Thanatopsis" (1817) -- One of first high-quality
  poems by an American

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Transcendentalism

• Emerged in New England during 2nd quarter of the
  19th c.
• Philosophy
• Truth "transcends" the senses
• Every person possesses an inner light that can
  illuminate the highest truth and put him/her in
  direct touch with God, or the "Over soul."
• Individualism in matters of religion as well as
  social.
• Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)
• "Over soul" philosophy of an organic universe
• Stressed self-reliance, self-confidence,
  self-improvement, optimism, and freedom.
• Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)
• Associate of Emerson
• Walden Or Life in the Woods (1854)
• Essay on Civil Disobedience
• Writings later encouraged others
• Walt Whitman (1819-1892) Leaves of Grass (1855)
  
• Margaret Fuller -- published "The Dial"
• Poetry Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882)

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Individualists, Dissenters, Journalism, and
Science.

• Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)
• Gifted lyric poet
• Excelled in the short story
• Nathaniel Hawthorne
• The Scarlet Letter (1850)
• Reflected Calvinist obsession
• Herman Melville (1819-1891) Moby Dick
• Lashed out at the popular optimism of his day.
• Believed in the Puritan doctrine of original sin
  and his characters spoke the mystery of life.
• Journalism
• Newspaper bolstered by increased literacy
• Decades just before the Civil War marked the
  golden age of personal journalism
• Horace Greeley -- editor and owner of New York
  Tribune published own paper (founded in 1841)
• Incredibly influential in forming public opinion.
  (even outside NY state)
• Merciless foe of slavery
• Increased public knowledge meant an increased
  ability to make democracy work.
• Science John J. Audubon (1785-1851)
• His illustrated Birds of America attained
  considerable popularity.
• Audubon Society for the protection of birds named
  after him.