Title: Nathan E. Hultman
1International Climate Change Politics Policy
- Nathan E. Hultman
- Energy and Resources Group
- Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory
- University of California, Berkeley
hultman_at_socrates.berkeley.edu http//socrates.berk
eley.edu/rael
2Presentation today
- International agreements
- Negotiation process and blocs
- Current status of national and international
legislation - Some reactions to U.S. policies
- Additional resources
3International Climate Policy Legal Milestones
- 1988 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
4Framework Convention on Climate Change
- Objective Prevent dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate - Dangerous undefined, but covers ecosystems,
food supply, and sustainable economic development - Principles
- Equity
- Common but differentiated responsibility
Annex I, II - Precaution in face of serious or irreversible
damage - Commitments
- 1990 levels by 2000
- All kinds of other activities, including
reporting and ongoing negs - Adopted in 1992 EIF 1994 Currently 186 Parties,
incl. US
5Negotiating Blocs
- Association of Small Island States (AOSIS)
- Threatened with submersion by global warming
- G77 China
- Want developed countries to take the lead in
reducing - European Union
- Willing to make early reductions
- US Japan Australia New Zealand
- Higher fossil fuel dependence
- Reluctant to commit
- Russia
- Economic slowdown gives surplus
6International Climate Policy Legal Milestones
- 1988 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
7International Climate Policy Legal Milestones
- 1988 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
- 1995 Berlin Mandate
- 1997 Byrd-Hagel Resolution (U.S.)
8International Climate Policy Legal Milestones
- 1988 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
- 1995 Berlin Mandate
- 1997 Byrd-Hagel Resolution (U.S.)
- 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC
9Kyoto Protocol1 of 2
- Commitments
- Binding targets for Annex I parties
- 5 below 1990 levels by 2012
- Targets based on net changes in emissions of 6
greenhouse gases - General commitments for all parties
- Implementation
- Domestic policies, incl. domestic sinks
- Supplemental Flexibility mechanisms
- Emissions Trading
- Clean Development Mechanism
- Joint Implementation
10Kyoto Protocol2 of 2
- Minimizing impacts on Developing Countries
- Adaptation Fund
- Other provisions for most vulnerable
- Monitoring
- Accounting, Reporting, and Review procedures
- Expert review teams
- Compliance
- Facilitative and Enforcement branches
11Kyoto Flexibility mechanisms
Modified from UNCTAD, GHG Market Perspectives
(2001)
12International Climate Policy Legal Milestones
- 1988 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
- 1995 Berlin Mandate
- 1997 Byrd-Hagel Resolution (U.S.)
- 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC
13International Climate Policy Legal Milestones
- 1988 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
- 1995 Berlin Mandate
- 1997 Byrd-Hagel Resolution (U.S.)
- 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC
- 1998 Buenos Aires Plan of Action
- 2000-2001 Hague-Bonn Agreements
14Interim Negotiations CDM issues
- Baseline and additionality
- Acceptable projects
- Renewable energy
- Repowering
- Nuclear
- Sinks
- Governance Executive Board
- Public participation and oversight
- Monitoring and accounting
15International Climate Policy Legal Milestones
- 1988 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
- 1995 Berlin Mandate
- 1997 Byrd-Hagel Resolution (U.S.)
- 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC
- 1998 Buenos Aires Plan of Action
- 2000-2001 Hague-Bonn Agreements
16International Climate Policy Legal Milestones
- 1988 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
- 1995 Berlin Mandate
- 1997 Byrd-Hagel Resolution (U.S.)
- 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC
- 1998 Buenos Aires Plan of Action
- 2000-2001 Hague-Bonn Agreements
- 2001 Marrakesh Accords
17Marrakesh Accords Finally, the details
MA includes Marr. Declaration
18Marrakesh Accords Major results
- Flexibility Mechanisms
- Eligibility, Registries, Conducting transactions,
etc. - Accounting fungibility
- New non-bankable RMU for Annex I
- CDM Rules and Executive Board
- Compliance Rules for penalty and enforcement
- Minimizing Adverse Effects New funding sources
- Postponed Review of Commitments
19Marrakesh Accords Funding Options
- New Funds
- Climate Change Fund
- complementary to GEF Climate Change funding
- Adaptation, Technology Transfer, Econ.
Diversification - Sectors energy, transp, industry, agr, forestry,
waste mgt - Least-Developed Countries Fund
- Adaptation
- Additional GEF, multilateral, bilateral funding
- For capacity building in LDCs and EITs
Expert group established
20Marrakesh Accords CDM Exec Bd
- Named 10 members, 10 alternates
- Duties
- Approve methodologies for baselines, monitoring
- Accredit operational entities
- Develop and administer CDM registry
- COP/MOP retains oversight and review
- First meeting was June 2002
- More info at http//unfccc.int/cdm/index.html
21International Climate Policy Legal Milestones
- 1988 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
- 1995 Berlin Mandate
- 1997 Byrd-Hagel Resolution (U.S.)
- 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC
- 1998 Buenos Aires Plan of Action
- 2000-2001 Hague-Bonn Agreements
- 2001 Marrakesh Accords
22International Climate Policy Legal Milestones
- 1988 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
- 1995 Berlin Mandate
- 1997 Byrd-Hagel Resolution (U.S.)
- 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC
- 1998 Buenos Aires Plan of Action
- 2000-2001 Hague-Bonn Agreements
- 2001 Marrakesh Accords
- 200? Entry into force of Kyoto Protocol (?)
23KP Ratification and Entry-into-force
- Requires 55 of Parties with 55 of emissions
- Already Ratified
- European Union, Japan (36 of emissions)
- Many developing countries
- Already Rejected
- United States
- Australia
- Undecided but declared intention to ratify
- Russia, Canada
24Bridge to International trading
- Currently operating national trading
- Denmark
- United Kingdom
- Proposed trading
- European Union
- Private sector
- Internal corporate programs
- Voluntary multi-corporation programs
25International Climate Policy Legal
MilestonesSummary
- 1988 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
- 1995 Berlin Mandate
- 1997 Byrd-Hagel Resolution (U.S.)
- 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC
- 1998 Buenos Aires Plan of Action
- 2000-2001 Hague-Bonn Agreements
- 2001 Marrakesh Accords
- 200? Entry into force of Kyoto Protocol (?)
26Conclusion International Climate Policy
Intersection with Sustainable Devt
- Kyoto Instruments
- Clean Development Mechanism
- Adaptation Fund
- Least Developed Countries Fund
- Climate Change Fund
- Arrangements outside Kyoto
- Corporate initiatives
- NGO activities
27Additional InformationClimate Policy and
Development
- UNFCCC Secretariat. http//unfcc.int
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, esp.
Working Group 3. http//www.ipcc.ch - Austin, D., and P. Faeth (2000). Financing
sustainable development with the Clean
Development Mechanism. World Resources Institute,
Washington, DC. http//www.wri.org - Hourcade, J.C., and M.A. Toman (1999). Policies
for the design and operation of the Clean
Development Mechanism. Resources for the Future,
ed. http//www.rff.org - Humphreys, S., Y. Sokona, and J.-P. Thomas
(1998). Equity in the CDM. Linkages Journal, 16
October, 3(4) 9-12. http//www.iisd.ca/linkages - Mathy, S., J.C. Hourcade, and C. Gouvello (2001).
Clean Development Mechanism Leverage for
development? Climate Policy 1(2) 251-268.
http//www.climate-policy.com - Subak, S. (2000). Forest protection and
reforestation in Costa Rica Evaluation of a
clean development mechanism prototype.
Environmental Management 26(3) 283-297.