MUSCLES

1
MUSCLES
2
TYPES OF MUSCLE

• There are 3 types of muscle
• - Involuntary (smooth)
• Cardiac
• Voluntary (skeletal/
• striated/striped).

3
TYPES OF MUSCLE - INVOLUNTARY

• Involuntary (smooth) muscle is found in the
  internal organs of the body e.g. the stomach
  and intestines.
• It is not under our conscious control but works
  automatically e.g. the stomach contracts
  automatically to digest food.

4
TYPES OF MUSCLE - CARDIAC

• Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart.
• It is also involuntary and never stops working
  until we die e.g. the heart is always working
  to pump blood around the body.

5
TYPES OF MUSCLE VOLUNTARY/SKELETAL

• Voluntary muscle is associated with movement, and
  can be found all over the body attached to the
  skeleton.
• It is under conscious control
• e.g. we use it when we
• choose to move.
• This is the type of muscle that you will learn
  about in this unit.

6
MAJOR MUSCLE GROUPS

• Biceps (bends arm at elbow)
• Triceps (straightens arm at elbow)
• Deltoid (abducts arm)
• Trapezius (shrugs shoulders)

• Quadriceps (straightens leg at knee)
• Hamstring (bends leg at knee)
• Gastrocnemius (raises body onto toes)
• Gluteus Maximus (straightens leg at hip)

• Pectorals (brings arms together in front of body)
• Abdominals (bends upper body at waist)
• Latissimus Dorsi (pulls elbows towards back)

7
HOW MUSCLES WORK

• Muscles work in pairs. When one muscle contracts
  (the AGONIST or PRIME MOVER), the other muscle
  relaxes (the ANTAGONIST). This creates movement
  of a bone at a joint.
• The INSERTION of a muscle is where it attaches
  and resists pull.
• The ORIGIN of a muscle is where it attaches and
  exerts pull.

8
HOW MUSCLES WORK

• A Bicep Curl in the Arm
• The bicep would be the prime mover/agonist.
• The tricep would be the antagonist.
• The origin of the bicep would be at the shoulder.
• The insertion of the bicep would be at the elbow.

9
EXAMPLES OF ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLES

• Biceps and triceps in the upper arm
• Quadriceps and hamstring in the upper leg

10
TENDONS

• Tendons attach muscle to bone
• TENDON OF INSERTION exerts pull
• In a bicep curl the tendon at the bottom of the
  bicep that attaches to the elbow
• TENDON OF ORIGIN resists pull
• In a bicep curl the tendon at the top of the
  bicep that attaches to the shoulder

11
MUSCLE FIBRE TYPES

• Fast twitch fibres
• Fast powerful contractions
• Enough energy for 10seconds of exercise
• Anaerobic energy systems used
• E.g. weightlifting, sprinting, swimming 50m

12
MUSCLE FIBRE TYPE

• Slow twitch fibres
• slower and less powerful contractions
• utilise oxygen to provide energy for longer
• aerobic energy systems used
• e.g. cross country skiing, Tour de France
  (cycling), marathon.

13
MUSCLE FIBRE TYPE

• Everybody has both types of fibre type
• It is possible to increase the efficiency that
  the muscle fibres work at with training
• Different activities use both fibre types for
  different amounts of time
• e.g. marathon runners use slow twitch fibres for
  most of the race but fast twitch fibres for the
  sprint finish

14
MUSCLE FIBRE TYPE AND SPORT
Most of game
Short sprints
Sprinting for the ball in a rally
Most of match
Duration of match
Punching
15
EFFECTS OF TRAINING

• HYPERTROPHY increase in muscle size, strength
  and flexibility
• ATROPHY decrease in muscle size, strength and
  flexibility (wasting of the muscle)

16
EFFECTS OF TRAINING

• MARATHON RUNNER
• slow twitch muscle fibres adapt to utilise energy
  more efficiently and for longer periods of time
• delays the onset of muscle fatigue
• as little muscle bulk as possible
• SPRINTER
• more muscle fast twitch fibres are generated
  (muscle bulk) to give more power output
• muscles are able to maximise stored energy to
  give greater bursts of all-out activity