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1
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????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???
?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????, ??, ?

• ???????? ???????? ???? ???????

?????- ???? ?????,???????
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2
???? ???? ?? ????? By proclaiming Beirut
"Cultural Capital of the Arab World", the UNESCO
has confirmed an undeniable reality, for it is
true that Beirut has always been a cultural
landmark for the Arab world. All it takes to
convince one's self is to take a look at the
works of the biggest Arab writers, playwriters,
painters or musicians, which bear the deep,
indelible imprint of Beirut and Lebanese
culture.The timing of this event is perfect at
the dawn of a new millenium, it will be the
occasion to give a new lease of life to our
culture, to dynamize it, by encouraging all forms
of arts, and by establishing the bases of major
cultural undertakings which the Lebanese Ministry
of Culture intends to see through. Culture is,
for all of us, a priority. Neither the
reconstruction of the country, nor the economic
constraints should slow down our cultural
rebirth. Because men disappear time wears stone.
But culture remains.It is important for all
Lebanese to gather around this large-scale
international event for culture to become a bond
for all citizens. It is equally fundamental that
Lebanon displays a cultural face, the way it does
with the exhibition "Lebanon, the other shore",
held at the Institute for the Arab World in
Paris and that it proves to the hundreds of
thousands of travelers who visit it every year,
that it also harbours treasuries of a spiritual
nature. Though resolutely oriented towards the
future, Lebanon must finally know how to enhance
its past, the universal dimension of which finds
its best expression in the Phoenician alphabet,
which is at the origin of all the alphabets
currently used. For that reason, it must first
know how to protect its heritage. That is one of
the main focuses which Lebanon advocates.Whatever
happens, Beirut will remain the temple of
thinking and culture. Two verses by our great
poetess, Nadia Tueni, drawn from "Lebanon Twenty
Poems for One Love", come here to my
mind"Beirut is in the East the last
sanctuaryWhere man can dress with
light..."Some deep words indeed, which we
should confirm on the occasion of the event
"Beirut, cultural capital of the Arab world for
the year 1999" which, on the eve of the year
2000, has to be, for Beirut and for all of
Lebanon, a true stepping stone!
????
3
????????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????.
???????? ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????.
???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????
????? ?????? ????? ????, ???? ??? ??????, ????
??????, ???? ??? ??????. ??? ?????? 10,452
???. ??? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ??????
??????, ?????, ????. ?????? ?? ??????. ????
????? ???? ??. ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????
????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???
??????.
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4
?????? ???????? ??????, ???? ????? ??????

• ??? 1932 ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ???
  ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????-?????? ??????,
  ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????.
• ??????? ??????? ?? ???????.
• ?????? ??????
• ???? ??????? ?????.
• ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????
  ???????.
• ??? ????????? ????? ????? ????, ???? ?? ???????
  ????? ??????
• ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????.

5
????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????, ????
????????. ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????
????? ?? ?????, ???? ?????? ??????, ???? ????
???? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????????.
6

• ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??. ?? ????
  ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????, ????
  ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????????, ??????
  ???? ????? ?? ??????, ???? ?? ???????? ????.
• ???????? ??????? ?????? ( 33), ?????? ( 25).
• ??????? ?????? ?????? ( 20), ?????? ???????????
  ( 7), ?????? ??????
• ( 3), ?????? ??????????? ( 4), ?????? ?????? (
  1), ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????.
• ??????? ?????? ?- 6 ??????????.
• ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????.

????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?-250,000 ??????
?????????, ????? ?????, ????? ?? ????? ?-1948. ??
??????? ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ???????.
7

• ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ????
• ?????- ???? ?????, ???? ???? ??????, ????? ??????
  ??????, ???? ?????.
• ??????- ???? ?? ?????? ??????.
• ?????- ???? ?????, ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????.
• ??????- ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????, ????? ???????,
  ???? ??????.
• ??????, ?????? ??????, ?????? ???????????,
  ??????- ???? ??????.

8
???? ??????- ??????? ???? 1861 ???? ?????????
?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????
?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????. ????????? ??
????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????
???????. ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????
???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????
????? ????????. ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????
????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????
??????? ?? ??? (1920) ?????, ???? ????. ???????
????? ???? ????? ?? ??????, ???? ??????, ?????
???? ????? ???? ??????, ?? ????? ????? ??????.
????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????,
?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????. ?1926-
?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????
????? ??????? ??????.
9

• ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????, ??????
  ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????. ?-1943 ????? ??????
  ??????. ????? ?? ????, ????? ???????, ????? ??
  ?????, ????? ??????- ????? ????? ???? ?????
  ???????? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ???? ????
  ??????, ???? ??
• ????? ???? ?????.
• ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????.
• ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????.

10
???? 1958 ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????.
???? ?????, ?????, ??? ??????? ???- ??????, ????
????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????-??????
?????-???????. ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????
????, ?????? ??? ????? ?????-????? ??? ?????
?????? ????? ???. ?????? 1958 ???????
????? ???????.
11
????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????
????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????. ??
?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????
??????? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ??????
????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????, ????
?? ???? ???.
12
?-1975 ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????
??????? ???????.
?-1976 ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????, ?????
?????? ?????? ???, ?????? ????? ?????? ???????
???????? ?? ?????. ?????? ???? 40,000 ??????,
???? ??????, ?-500,000 ?????? ???? ?? ?????.
????? ?????? ?????, ????? ??????? ????, ??
?????? ????? ????? ???? ????.
13
???? 1978 ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????.
???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????, ?? ??????, ????
???? ???? ????? ??????.
?????? ????? ?? ????, ????? 1982 ???? ?????
?????? ??? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ????? ??
1985. ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????
????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????.
14

• ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?-1982.
• ?-1987 ???? ??? ??????.

?-1988 ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????
???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????, ??????
?????? ???????. ???????? ????? ?????? ??????
?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ???
???????? ?????????-????? ?????. ????? ????
?????? ????? ????????, ????? ???????, ??????
?????? ???? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?????
?????, ???? ???? ????? ??, ?????? ??????.
15

• ???? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ????
• ???? ????????? ???? ????. ???? ??????? ????? ????
  ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???. ????? ???? ???? ???
  ???????? ??? ???? ????.
• ????? ??? ????? ??????.
• ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????.
• ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????.

???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????
????. ??? 1975 ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????
???????? ?? ?? ???? ????. ?????? ?????? ???? ???
???? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????.
?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????
?????, ????? ????? ???????? ?????. ????? ???
?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ?????, ???? ?????
??????? ?????? ?????? ??????.
16
????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?-1975 ?????? ?????
???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ??
?????? ???? ?????, ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????
???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????, ?????
????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????.
(?1975 ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????!) ?????
??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????????,
?????? ????? ?????? ?????. ???? ??????? ??????
????? 40 ?????, ???? ???????? 40, ???????
20 . ???? ???? ????? 4500 ????? ?????? 3 18
???? ?????????? ???????, ?????? ????????? 5.
17

• ????? ??????? ??????
• ?????- ??? ?????, ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????
  ?? ????? ???. ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????
  ?????? ??? ????????. ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????
  ???????? ??????? ????? ??????, ?????? ???? ??
  ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ????????
  ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????.
  ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????
  ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????, ????
  ??????.
• ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????, ??? ??? ????? ??
  ??? ??????? ????? ??????, ??? ?????, ??????, ???
  ???? ????? ????.
• ???????- ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??????, ???
  ????? ?? ??? ??????. ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????
  ?????? ???????? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ?????
  ?? ????? ??????. ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????
  ??? ???.
• ??? ??????- ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?????
  ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????. ?? ??????
  ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? .

18

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19
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???? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????
?????? ???????. ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????
????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????. ???
????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????
????? ?????, ?????? ??? ?? ?????. ?????? ????
????????? ????? ?????? ??????, ????? ??? 1958.
????? ???? ????? ????. ????????? ?????? ????? ???
?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????
????. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????
???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?????
??????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????
?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????.
20
?-1967 ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????
???????? ?????? ???????. ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????
??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????. ??? ?????
?? ????????? ??????? ???? ????, ???? ??? ??????
?? ???????? ?????????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????
??????? ?????? ????????? ???????????. ??? ????
???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????
??????? ??? ???? ??????. ?????? ?????? 1984
????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???????. ??????
????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????
??????. ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????
??????.
????
21
??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???
??????, ???? ?????? ????? ?????, ?????? ???????.
??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????????, ????
1514 ??? ???? ?????? ??????????. ?? ?????? ?????
?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????, ?????? ????
?????. ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?-11.
?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????
???? ????. ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????.
??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??
???. ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????, ??? ?????.
?????? ?????? ?-250,000 ??????, ????? ????
??????? ????? ??????.
????
22
???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? 23 ?? 22
???? ???? ??????????. ???????? ????? ?-2.2 ?????
???????. 600,000 ??? ??????, ?????? ???????
?????? ????? ???? ??. ??? ???????? ??????? ?????
?????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ??
??????? ?????? ?????. ???? ???????? ?????? ??
???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ?????????
????? ??????, ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????
?????. ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????????. ??? ??????
?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????, ???????
????? ??? ?????? ??????, ???? ?? ????? ?????,
???????? ???????. ????? ??????? ?????? ????
?????? ??????? ?????? ????? . ???????? ?????
??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????
????? ??????. .
????
23
?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ???
????????? 3,562,700 ??????. ??? ?????? ?????
1.61 ????. ?? ?????? ?????? ???? 2.25 ?? ?????
650,000
24
...??? ???? ??? ???????

• ??????????
• ?????, ???, ???? ???? ????? ??????, ??????? ???.
• ???? ?????, ????? ?? ??, ???? 1992.
• ????, ?????, ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????,
  ?? ???? ????.
• ??????, ????, ??????? ????? ??????, ?? ???? 1993.
• ???? ??????? ?????.
• ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????, ????
  ????.

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