Psyc 2301 P08

1
Psyc 2301 P08

• Professor Baggette

2
Psyc 2301 P08

• Lecture 2Prologue Wrapup Chapter 1

3
P r o l o g u e
4
Who was Wundt, anyway?

• One of the most important figures in early
  psychology
• Famous for developing the first psychology
  laboratory (what did he test?)
• Discussed on Front Cover of book p. 3 of
  prologue

5
Q1 The 1st Psychology Lab

• Wilhelm Wundts laboratory work involved
  experimental studies of
• Animal intelligence
• Personality development
• Learning and memory
• Reactions to sensory stimuli

6
Q1 The 1st Psychology Lab

• Wilhelm Wundts laboratory work involved
  experimental studies of
• Animal intelligence
• Personality development
• Learning and memory
• Reactions to sensory stimuli

7
Know Especially

• Definition of Psychology (p. 2)
• Plato, Descartes, Bacon Locke (pp. 2-3)
• Empiricism (p. 3)
• Wundts Lab (p. 3)
• Pavlov, Freud, Piaget (p. 6)
• Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow (p. 7)
• P. 9 Pp. 12-13

8
Definition of Psych (p. 2)

• Scientific study
• Of behavior
• And mental Processes

9
Scientific Study

• Is what Chapter One is about
• Proposes a hypothesis
• Typically uses statistics to analyze quantitative
  data

10
Plato, Descartes, Bacon Locke

• Know that Plato (not Socrates or Aristotle)
  believed that mental processes were based in the
  brain
• Know that Locke developed the concept of
  Empiricism (p. 3)
• Know what Empiricism is. (Empiricism is the
  idea that we know what we can observe.
  Measurement and data collection are based in the
  ideas of empiricism.

11
Pavlov, Freud, Piaget (p. 6)

• Know that Pavlov was a (a) Russian (b)
  physiologist who (c) developed classical
  conditioning
• Know that Freud founded psychoanalysis and was
  one of three co-founders of depth psychology.
  (Other two were Adler Jung.)
• Piaget was the founder of Developmental
  Psychology (Chapter 4)

12
Skinner Watson (p. 7)

• Along with Thorndike, Skinner Watson were the
  primary founders of behaviorism
• Defined psychology as the scientific study of
  observable behavior
• Tended to ignore concepts such as freedom,
  dignity, and free will.

13
Humanistic Psychologists

• Know that the two most famous Humanist
  Psychologists are Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
• Know that Humanistic Psychology is growth
  oriented rather than tabula rasa (behaviorism)
  or unacceptable impulse based (depth psych)
• Rogers developed client centered therapy
• Maslow developed the pyramid of needs and
  self-actualization

14
Other material in Prologue

• Read and know the material on p. 9
• Read and know the material on pp. 12-13
• All of Prologue mentioned today (and in the
  reading) will be eligible for a popquiz Monday
  September 8th

15
ChapterOne
16
Errors in Thinking

• Please Tell me, what are these?
• Hindsight Bias
• Overconfidence
• Illusory Correlation
• False Consensus Effect
• Fundamental Attribution Error

17
Overconfidence (p. 22)

• Classically associated with experts (including
  self-proclaimed experts)
• Experts who had felt more than 80 percent
  confident were right less than 40 percent of the
  time.

18
Hindsight Bias (p. 20)

• I knew it all along phenomenon
• Monday Morning Quarterbacks
• Do these people have any credibility?
• Scientists formulate hypotheses before collecting
  data, and then test the hypothesis (or
  hypotheses).

19
Also, read

• Critical thinking (p. 27)
• The Scientific Method (pp. 24-26)
• Know what an operational definition is.
• Know that a hypothesis is a testable prediction
  (Key concept a hypothesis can be wrong.)
• False Consensus Effect (p. 28)

20
Q16 False Consensus(Reading)

• One reason researchers base their findings on
  representative samples is to avoid the false
  consensus effect, which refers to our tendency
  to
• Overestimate the extent to which others share our
  belief
• Falsely perceive a relationship between two
  events when none exists
• Underestimate errors in our judgment
• Make all of the above reasoning errors
• False Consensus Effect (p. 28)

21
Q16 False Consensus(Reading)

• One reason researchers base their findings on
  representative samples is to avoid the false
  consensus effect, which refers to our tendency
  to
• Overestimate the extent to which others share our
  belief
• Falsely perceive a relationship between two
  events when none exists
• Underestimate errors in our judgment
• Make all of the above reasoning errors
• False Consensus Effect (p. 28)

22
The Scientific Method (p. 24)

• A scientific theory explains through an
  integrated set of principles and predicts
  behavior and events
• Involves the formulation of a testable hypothesis
  in terms of a null hypothesis and an
  alternative hypothesis

23
The Scientific Method (p. 24)

• Involves the formulation of a testable hypothesis
  in terms of a null hypothesis and an
  alternative hypothesis
• Typically involves collection of quantifiable
  data and testing the hypothesis by applying
  inferential statistics to the quantified data

24
Operational Definition (p. 25)

• An operational definition defines some construct
  (anger, optimism, reinforcement) in terms of the
  operations used to measure them
• Concept was originally used in engineering and
  physics
• Used as part of the process of quantifying data
• Permits replication of scientific studies

25
Operational Definition (p. 25)

• An operational definition defines some construct
  (anger, optimism, reinforcement) in terms of the
  operations used to measure them
• Concept was originally used in engineering and
  physics
• Used as part of the process of quantifying data
• Permits replication of scientific studies

26
Please review the following for Monday

• Random Sampling (p. 28)
• Normal Distributions, Mean, Median, Mode,
  Standard Deviation Correlation (p.30, p.
  40-42)
• Case Study, Survey, Naturalistic Observation
  (pp. 26-29)
• Independent Dependent Variables (p. 38) Making
  Inferences statistical significance (pp. 42-44)

27
Please review the following for Tuesday

• Table 1.3 on p. 39
• Double-Blind Procedure Placebo Effect (p.37)
• Experimental Condition, Control Condition,
  Random Assignment (p. 37)
• Know the following graphics (available also on
  the website)

28
Basic Experimental Design, with Control Group,
Experimental Group, and Treatment applied to
Experimental Group
29
Sample Data of Control Experimental Groups,
both Pre-Test and Post-Test
30
Assignment

• Finish Reading Chapter One Pay Close Attention
  to the Sections on Statistics The Scientific
  Method
• Prepare for a Quiz on the material we covered
  today
• Finish reading Chapter One read first half of
  Chapter Two p. 53 through 71 (brainstem)

31
Know Especially for the Quiz

• Definition of Psychology (p. 2)
• Plato, Descartes, Bacon Locke (pp. 2-3)
• Empiricism (p. 3)
• Wundts Lab (p. 3)
• Pavlov, Freud, Piaget (p. 6)
• Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow (p. 7)
• P. 9 Pp. 12-13

32
Finis