Psyc 2301 P05

1
Psyc 2301 P05 P06

• Professor Baggette

2
Announcements
3
Psyc 2301 P05 P06 Today

• Chapter 2 (Wrapup)
• Chapter 3 (Nature v Nuture)

4
Chapter TwoNeuroscience
5
But, first, review from Last Time
6
Key Topics from Neuro

• Parkinsons, L-Dopa, and Dopamine
• Meth Schizophrenia (Dopamine)
• Addiction Definition
• Addiction Homeostasis, Withdrawal, Tolerance
• GABA, Benzodiazepines, Alcohol

7
Parkinsons, L-Dopa, and Dopamine (p. 58)

• Parkinsons Motor Tracts of the brain
  (substantia nigra) begin to fail to produce
  enough dopamine
• Dopamine cannot cross blood-brain barrier
• L-Dopa (precursor to Dopamine) administered to
  counteract symptoms

8
Alzheimers Endorphins (p. 58)

• Please read each of these topics, in the book, on
  p. 58 know for test
• Know about Alzheimers Ach
• Know about Endorphins Pain

9
Meth and Schizophrenia

• Parkinsons, Meth Schizophrenia all interact
  with Dopamine
• Excessive Dopamine (or similar effect) is the
  result of Meth usage excessive Meth usage
  produces symptoms similar to Schiz
• Excessive L-Dopa can produce same results in
  Parkinsons patients

10
Addiction Defined

• Drug Seeking Behavior
• Contrary to popular belief, actual usage is a
  very small part of addiction
• Drug seeking behavior and lifestyle are the
  predominant factors
• Non-Using Friends and Family sometimes have
  greater problems than the addicts

11
Addiction Homeostasis, Withdrawal, Tolerance

• Two Definitions of Homeostasis
• Physiological Balances, such as body temperature,
  fluid electrolyte balance, blood sugar, Oxygen
  Carbon Dioxide in Body, etc.
• Balance of Relationships in Family Therapy

12
Addiction Homeostasis, Withdrawal, Tolerance

• Tolerance More is needed to achieve the same
  effect
• Withdrawal Balance (Homeostasis) of body becomes
  imbalanced as a result of removal of something.
• Withdrawal Anxiety if a Benzo is removed Sleep
  if Meth or Cocaine

13
Please be familiar with this diagram (p. 55)
14
Please be familiar with this diagram (p. 57)
15
Please be familiar with this diagram (p. 60)
16
GABA, Benzodiazepines, Alcohol

• GABA Gamma Amino Butyric Acid
  Neurotransmitter
• Alcohol Beer, Wine, Liquor
• Benzodiazepines Librium, Valium, Klonopin,
  Xanax
• Stimulates Parasympathetic Nervous System

17
Benzodiazepines

• Prescription Medications
• Highly Addictive
• Extremely Dangerous to Mix with Alcohol
• Librium
• Valium
• Klonopin
• Xanax

18
New Material
19
Key Topics from Neuro (cont.)

• Spinal Cord and Reflex Arcs
• Autonomic Nervous System Function and
  Characteristics of both Sympathetic and
  Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
• Imaging CAT, PET, fMRI
• Basic Brain Anatomy Brainstem Medulla Limbic
  System, Cerebellum, Cerebrum
• Four Lobes of Frontal Cortex

20
Spinal Cord and Reflex Arcs (p. 63)
21
Spinal Cord and Reflex Arcs (p. 63)

• Reflex Action / Processing Stages
• Sensory Neuron
• Interneuron in Spinal Cord
• Motor Neuron
• Know that Reflexes are processed through the
  Spinal Cord

22
Autonomic Nervous System (p. 62)
23
Autonomic Nervous System (p. 62)

• Sympathetic Fight or Flight Meth Cocaine
  Dilation of Pupils
• Parasympathetic Rest (Sleep) Digest
  Lacrimation Alcohol and Benzodiazepines
  Constriction of Pupils
• Death of Heath Ledger Anti-Anxiety, Sleeping
  Pills, and Anti-Histamines

24
Imaging (p. 69)

• CAT Scans Computerized Axial Tomography serial
  X-Rays reassembled into 3D by computer
• PET Radioactive tracer glucose used to measure
  most active parts of brain during a task
• fMRI newest similar to PET but no tracer read
  about fMRI and lying (p. 70)

25
fMRI Lying (p. 70)
26
Basic Brain Anatomy (p. 70)

• Brainstem Medulla Heartbeat Respiration (in
  all vertebrates, including fish) (p. 71)
• Limbic System seat of emotions (amygdala)
  short term memory (hippocampus antereograde
  amnesia) (p. 72)
• Cerebellum Motor skills, especially ballistic
  movement (p. 72)
• Cerebrum Higher Cognitive Functions

27
Four Lobes of Frontal Cortex (p.76)
28
Four Lobes of Frontal Cortex (p.76)

• Frontal Higher Cognitive Functions
• Temporal Auditory Short Term Memory Emotional
  Processing (along w/ limbic)
• Parietal Sensory input for touch body position
• Occipital Initial Visual Processing from Eyes
  (Coupe Counter-Coupe Injury)

29
Chapter ThreeNature v. Nurture
30
Basic Human Genetics (p. 97)
31
Basic Human Genetics

• Somatic Cells have 46 Chromosomes
• Germ Cells have 23 Chromosomes

32
Genetic Diseases

• Two major categories of genetic diseases
• One major category of genetic disease involves
  point mutations (which result from errors in
  replication of DNA)
• The other major category involves extra, missing,
  or malformed chromosomes

33
Point Mutations

• Sickle Cell Disease may have an adaptive
  function related to malaria
• Tay-Sachs Disease
• Cystic Fibrosis
• Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
• The list of diseases related to point mutations
  is very long

34
Chromosomal Abnormalities

• Trisomy 21, the basis of Downs Syndrome, is
  probably the most common autosomal disorder
• Many chromosomal abnormalities cause a fetus to
  abort in utero. (We have little chance to study
  or understand them.)

35
Chromosomal Abnormalities

• Trisomy 18 is called Edwards Syndrome, is rarer
  than Downs, and is more lethal (only 10 of
  babies live past birth)
• Trisomy 13 (Pataus Syndrome) even rarer than
  Edwards
• Many chromosomal abnormalities cause a fetus to
  abort in utero. (We have little chance to study
  or understand them.)
• Only three trisomies are known 21, 18, 13

36
Sex Chromosomes

• Human beings have 44 autosomal chromosomes and 2
  sex chromosomes
• Human Males have one X chromosome and one Y
  chromosome
• Human Females have two X chromosomes
• The only known function of the Y chromosome
  occurs in utero (see, also p. 130)

37
A human egg contains _____ chromosome and a human
sperm contains ______

• A Y either an X or a Y
• Either an X or a Y an X
• An X either an X or a Y
• Either an X or a Y a Y

38
A human egg contains _____ chromosome and a human
sperm contains ______

• A Y either an X or a Y
• Either an X or a Y an X
• An X either an X or a Y
• Either an X or a Y a Y

39
Brain Development

• A side effect of the action of the Y chromosome
  in utero (testosterone generation) is to cause
  male brains to develop asymmetrically
• Neuroscientists believe that the asymmetrical
  development of a male brain gives advantages in
  visual-spatial processing
• Female (symmetrical) brains appear to have an
  advantage in verbal processing (speech language)

40
Twin Studies (p. 98)
41
Twin Studies

• Twin Studies were very popular in the early 20th
  Century
• Twin studies fell out of favor due to discovery
  of fraudulent research
• Twin studies are back
• Fraternal twins are genetically equivalent to any
  other brother or sister
• Identical twins are clones

42
Twin Studies (p. 98)
43
Identical Twins (p. 99)
44
Identical Twins

• Several anecdotal stories indicate remarkable
  similarities between twins
• Twins raised together will still have a certain
  amount of variety
• Comparing twins raised apart to twins raised
  together can provide important clues to the
  influence of heredity

45
Environment

• The textbook references the work of Rosenzweig on
  rats (p. 114-115)
• Book Enriching Heredity by Marian Diamond
• The result of an enriched environment was a
  thicker neocortex in the subjects that reflected
  increased numbers of synapses
• Know that loss of unused neural connections are
  referred to as pruning

46
Fig. 37 A trained brain (p. 116)
Implications regarding Stereotypical Behavior?
47
E O Wilson Sociobiology

• Wilson originally studied ant colonies (and still
  does) (see, also p. 119)
• Wilson postulated that much (all?) of behavior
  functions to increase copies of genes
• Wilson explained much sexual and familial
  behavior, as well as altruism, in terms of his
  views of genetics (see, also, p. 110 back cover
  of book)
• Wilson is controversial and many academics reject
  his ideas
• Sociobiology was a predecessor to Evolutionary
  Psychology

48
Evolutionary Psychology (p. 107)

• Evolutionary Psychology has exploded as a field
  in the last 15 years
• Please read the book in this area (pp. 107-113)
• Brain development in human ancestors appears to
  have exploded at a time period related to
  development of ballistic movement (Wargames)

49
Stepfathers v Natural Fathers (P. 109)

• Many stepfathers do an excellent job of raising
  children
• However, the probability of homicide
  (particularly due to beatings or other forms of
  discipline) is much higher with Step-Fathers
• Homicide by natural fathers is often accompanied
  by suicide or uxoricide

50
Cultural Differences (p. 119)

• Cultural differences abound and are topics of
  study for sociologists, anthropologists, and
  sometimes psychologists
• One major area of study by psychologists
  regarding cultural differences involves personal
  space
• For example, North Americans generally require
  more personal space than Latin Americans (p.
  120)

51
Studies indicate that

• North Americans prefer more personal space than
  do Latin Americans
• The French prefer more personal space than do the
  British
• Arabs prefer more personal space than do
  Scandinavians
• Women prefer more personal space than do men

52
Studies indicate that

• North Americans prefer more personal space than
  do Latin Americans
• The French prefer more personal space than do the
  British
• Arabs prefer more personal space than do
  Scandinavians
• Women prefer more personal space than do men

53
Cultural Differences (p. 119)

• Book Kiss, Bow, or Shake Hands How to Do
  Business in Sixty Countries by Morrison,
  Conaway, Borden
• Also Ed T Hall books

54
Edward T Hall

• Many articles and books have been written on
  personal space, but the pioneer in this area was
  Edward T Hall
• Edward T Hall wrote several important books
  related to cultural differences The Silent
  Language The Hidden Dimension and The Dance of
  Life

55
Ed Hall (contd)

• Ed Halls work is more than academic major
  consumers of his work have been the State
  Department of the United States as well as
  multi-national corporations.
• In addition to international differences,
  regional differences exist within the United
  States

56
Not mentioned in the book, the pioneer research
in the area of culture and personal space is

• E O Wilson
• Sherrington
• Thorndike
• Ed T Hall

57
Not mentioned in the book, the pioneer research
in the area of culture and personal space is

• E O Wilson
• Sherrington
• Thorndike
• Ed T Hall

58
Finis