Mexicans and Chicanos in the 20th Century

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Mexicans and Chicanos in the 20th Century

• History, Culture, Literature

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Porfirio Díaz
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The Mexican Revolution

• The "Porfiriato" ends with the beginning of the
  Mexican Revolution October 1910 order is
  issued by Madero from San Antonio, Texas.

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Major Players

• Francisco Madero politician who ran against
  Díaz and lost in 1910 jailed on false charges
  during the race, later exiled in the US
• Emiliano Zapata from the South leads revolt
  against Madero
• Pancho Villa (Doroteo Arango) Bandit/General
  from the North
• Pascual Orozco General in the North
• Victoriano Huerta General and later President
• Venustiano Carranza General and later President
• Álvaro Obregón General and later President

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Early Events and US Intervention

• May 1911 Ciudad Juarez falls to Madero and Díaz
  resigns
• Nov. 1911 Zapata calls for uprising against
  Madero and land reform
• March 1912 General Orozco calls for Madero's
  resignation
• Feb. 1913 Coup d'etat by Gen. Huerta, he
  becomes President

• Madero and his VP shot "while trying to escape".
• April 1914 US Army and Navy take over port city
  of Veracruz
• July 1914 Huerta resigns, Carranza eventually
  is President
• Nov. 1914 US troops leave Veracruz
• Dec. 1914 Zapata and Villa meet in / control
  Mexico City

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Pancho Villa and US Involvement

• April 1915 Battle of Celaya between Obregón
  and Villa worst of the war
• Aug. 1915 Zapata driven from Mexico City
• Oct. 1915 Obregón has US permission to pursue
  Villa in US
• March 1916 Columbus, NM attacked by Villa for
  US recognition of Carranza as the de facto
  president of Mexico
• US President Wilson responds by sending Black
  Jack Pershing into Mexico to pursue Villa

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Late in the War

• June 1916 Zapata's forces badly hurt, US Pres.
  Wilson orders all US troops to the Mexican border
• Sept. 1916 Villa raids Chihuahua
• Jan.-Feb. 1917 US troops leave Mexico
• April 1919 Zapata killed

• April 1920 Obregón heads revolt against
  Carranza
• May 1920 Carranza is killed by a bodyguard as
  he flees
• July 1920 gov't strikes deal with Villa, who
  retires
• Dec. 1920 Obregón becomes President

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The 1920s 1940s

• 1923 Villa assassinated
• July 1928 Ex-president and candidate Obregón
  assassinated
• March 1929 the PNR National Revolutionary
  Party established reorganized in 1938 as the
  PRM Party of the Mexican Revolution and in
  1946 as the PRI Party of Institutional
  Revolution

• 1935 some land reform and labor organization
  occurs under Pres. Lázaro Cardenas
• May 1938 Nationalization of oil company
  holdings begins
• Sept. 1939 PAN National Action Party is
  founded
• July 1940 Peaceful transition of government
• Mexico joins the Allied Powers 15,000 men join
  US Army, 1,500 die in combat

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The Bracero Program 1942-1964
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1968

• Oct. 2, 1968 La noche de Tlaltelolco
  Government troops shoot hundreds of unarmed
  students and workers protesting in the Plaza de
  Tlaltelolco in Mexico City.
• A fictional film version of what happened Rojo
  Amanecer by Jorge Fons finally came out in 1989,
  still under some censorship.

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• Part of the text reads 1968-1993 Forward! To
  the comrades fallen on October 2, 1968, in this
  plaza...and many other comrades whose names and
  ages we still do not know...Who? Who? Nobody. The
  next day nobody. The plaza appeared at daybreak
  having been swept. The newspaper reported the
  weather as the chief news. And on television, on
  the radio, at the movies, there was no change in
  programming. There was no interruption for any
  announcement. Not a moment of silence at the
  banquet. So the banquet continued.

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1980 - Today

• 1981 Economic problems as the oil boom goes
  bust
• 1985 US DEA agent murdered
• 1988 Election fraud is supected in Carlos
  Salinas de Gortari's victory over Cuahtemoc
  Cardenas for presidency
• Jan. 1, 1994 EZLN takes over various towns in
  Chiapas, NAFTA agreement goes into effect

• 1995 Economic collapse results in major
  devaluation of Mexican peso and losses in the
  Mexican Bolsa
• 1997 Cardenas becomes mayor of Mexico City
• 2000 PAN candidate Vicente Fox beats PRI
  candidate Francisco Labastida, unseating the
  party after more than 70 years in power.

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20TH-CENTURY MEXICAN LITERATURE

• Modernismo end of the 19th century - 1911
• Posmodernismo 1911 1930s Enrique González
  Martínez y Ramón López Velarde
• La vanguardia 1918 1940s José Juan Tablada,
  Manuel Maples Arce, Carlos Pellicer, Xavier
  Villaurrutia, Octavio Paz
• Novel of the Mexican Revolution Mariano Azuela,
  Martín Luis Guzmán, Agustín Yañez

• The "New Novel" (pre"Boom") Juan Rulfo
• Octavio Paz's The Labyrinth of Solitude
• The "Boom" Carlos Fuentes, Gustavo Sainz
• The "Post Boom" Elena Poniatowska, Rosario
  Castellanos, José Emilio Pacheco, Elena Garro,
  Laura Esquivel

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Chicanos in the US
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Zoot Suiters

• Large Chicano teen population in L.A.
• Gang-related violence and the Sleepy Lagoon
  Case
• 1943 Zootsuiters vs. Military clashes riots
• Violence spread to anyone looking Mexican

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Muralism
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César Chavez and UFW

• 1952 Begins organizing
• 1962 Founds National Farm Workers Association
• Film about the movement Fight in the Fields

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Chicano Literature

• Tomás Rivera
• Rodolfo Anaya
• Gloria Anzaldúa
• Graciela Limón

• Ana Castillo
• Sandra Cisneros
• María Amparo Escandón