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Networking and Internetworking Devices

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Title: Networking and Internetworking Devices


1
Networking and Internetworking Devices
  • Repeaters
  • Bridges
  • Routers
  • Gateways
  • Routing Algorithms

2
Homework
  • p.641 prob 1-18

3
(No Transcript)
4
Connecting Devices and the OSI Model
5
Repeater and OSI Model
6
A Repeater
7
Function of a Repeater
8
Bridge and the OSI Model
9
Bridges
  • Reduces Collision Domain / Congestion
  • Simple
  • Addresses manually entered
  • Multiport
  • Transparent
  • Builds routing table itself
  • Updates table based on source addresses

10
A Bridge
11
Function of a Bridge
12
Router and the OSI Model
13
Routers in an internet
14
Routing Concepts
  • Least cost routing
  • Hop count
  • Link-quality
  • Speed, congestion, link medium

15
Routing concepts
  • Non-adaptive
  • Adaptive
  • Packet Lifetime

16
Gateway and the OSI Model
17
A Gateway
18
Gateway
  • Each Side Unaware of The OTHER
  • Protocol Converter
  • SNA -gt TCP/IP
  • AppleTalk -gt TCP/IP
  • Novell Netware -gt TCP/IP

19
Other Devices
  • Multi-Protocol Routers
  • IPX, TCP/IP
  • Brouter
  • Router if known protocol
  • Bridge otherwise

20
Switches
  • Function at Level 2
  • Bridging Capability
  • Store and Forward
  • Telex
  • Cut-Through
  • Immediate Transfer

21
Routing Switches
  • Function as routers
  • Faster than traditional routers
  • USE Level 3 Network Addresses

22
Distance Vector Routing
  • Knowledge about the entire network
  • Routing only to neighbors
  • Information Sharing with neighbors

23
Link State Routing
  • Knowledge of neighborhood
  • Shares with all routers flooding
  • Information sharing when change

24
Dijkstra Algorithm
  • Breadth Search from root
  • Select lowest cost
  • Add node and arc

25
Routing Classifications
  • Adaptive routing (dynamic)
  • Non-adaptive routing (fixed or static)

26
Dynamic Routing Algorithms
  • Distance Vector Routing
  • Link state routing

27
Routing Algorithms
  • Distance Vector Routing
  • Each link is assigned a weight
  • Distance to the destination is the sum of the
    weights along the path to the destination

28
Routing Algorithms
  • Distance Vector Routing
  • Each router sends its entire information about
    the entire network to its neighbors.
  • Neighbors are other routers with direct link to
    it.
  • Information are shared periodically, even if
    nothing has changed.
  • Eventually, every router will learn about other
    routers on the network.
  • Slow convergence (it takes longer for all routers
    to receive all information)

29
Distance Vector Routing Protocol
  • RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
  • Each router uses broadcasting to send its entire
    information to its neighbors every 30 seconds.
  • The best path is based on the least number of
    hops.
  • Its suitable for small networks
  • RIP is used by IPX/SPX and TCP/IP.

30
Distance Vector Routing Table
31
Routing Algorithms
  • Link state routing
  • If there is a change, each router sends its
    information about its neighbors to every other
    router in the network using flooding.
  • A router, periodically sends a message to its
    neighbors, the response indicates that the device
    is alive and functioning.
  • No response, change has occurred.

32
Link State Routing Protocol
  • OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
  • More efficient than RIP
  • Only the changes are sent
  • each router sends its information about its
    neighbors to every other router in the network
    using flooding.
  • A router, periodically sends a message to its
    neighbors, the response indicates that the device
    is alive and functioning.
  • No response, change has occurred.

33
Concept of Link State Routing
34
Costs in Link State Routing
35
Link State Packet
36
Flooding of As LSP
37
Flooding of Bs LSP
38
Link State Database
39
Finding the Shortest Path
  • Select a node (A) and make it permanent
  • Examine each of the adjacent nodes to A.
  • Relabel each one with the distance to A.
  • Make the one with the smallest label permanent.
    (14)
  • This becomes the new working node.

40
Costs in Dijkstra Algorithm
41
Shortest Path Calculation
42
Shortest Path Calculation
43
Shortest Path Calculation
44
Shortest Path Calculation
45
Shortest Path Calculation
46
Shortest Path Calculation
47
Shortest Path Calculation
48
Shortest Path Calculation
49
Shortest Path Calculation
50
Shortest Path Calculation
51
Shortest Path Calculation
52
Shortest Path Calculation
53
Shortest Path Calculation
54
Link State Routing Table for A
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