Understand the difference between direct and indirect objects.

1
JPN 105 Lesson 3 Objectives

• Understand the difference between direct and
  indirect objects.
• Be able to form sentences with the presumptive
  (-mashoo) form.
• Be able to properly apply particles o, ga, and
  ni to objects.
• Be able to create noun phrases from nouns.
• Be able to create new words by adding suffixes.
• Be able to compare objects with yori and hoo
  ga.
• Be able to nominalize nouns with the particle
  no.

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Objects

• A direct object is the receiver of the action
  of a verb and is marked with the particle o
• I threw the ball (o)
• An indirect object is the indirect receiver of
  the action of a verb and is marked with the
  particle ni.
• I threw Jack (ni) the ball (o).

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The Direct Object

• In a Japanese sentence the direct object is
  identified with the marker o
• sakana o tabeta (sakana o tabemashita)
• eiga o mita (eiga o mimashita)
• (watashi wa) sakana o tabeta
• The direct object marker o is sometimes replaced
  by the particle ga.

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The Direct Object

• Ga replaces o after the direct object of verb or
  adjective expressing possession, existence,
  ability, necessity, desire, emotion or sensation
• ima okane ga zenzen arimasen (possession/existenc
  e)
• Nihongo ga dekimasu ka (ability)
• jiyuu jikan ga hoshii (desire)
• Nihon no tabemono no naka de wa
• sushi ga ichiban suki desu (sensation)

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Indirect Object

• Identified with marker ni
• (watashi wa) Yamada-san ni hanashimashita
• Hon o watashi ni kudasai
• Some Japanese verbs (to ask and to meet, for
  example) take an indirect object even though
  their English counterparts do not
• (shitsumon o) Tanaka-san ni kikimashita
• Tomodachi ni aimashita

6
Presumptive Mood

• Also called probable mood .
• Has no exact equivalent in English.
• Allows speaker to express probability, belief, or
  intention without being too direct.
• Has two forms
• Probability
• Intent

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Presumptive Mood -- Probability

• Expresses belief something will probably happen.
• Form by adding daroo (plain) or deshoo (polite)
  to dictionary form of verb
• Plain Form Polite Form
• kuru daroo kuru deshoo
• konai daroo konai deshoo

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Presumptive Mood --Probability

• Other examples expressing suppose, wonder,
  guess
• Yuki ga furu daroo yuki ga furu deshoo
• I wonder if it will snow.
• Nihongo o hanasu daroo ka
• I wonder if he speaks Japanese?

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Presumptive Mood IntentionPlain Form

• Used mostly by men.
• Also used to express the idea of Lets do
  something.
• For u-dropping verbs
• Change final u of dictionary form to oo
• nuru ? nuroo
• Iku ? ikoo
• For ru dropping verbs
• Add yoo to the verb stem
• taberu ? tabeyoo
• miru ? miyoo
• Irregular verbs
• suru ? shiyoo
• kuru ? koyoo

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Presumptive Mood IntentionPlain Form

• Used in medial position of sentence
• konban hayaku neroo to omoimasu
• I think I will sleep early tonight.

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Presumptive Mood IntentionPolite Form

• Expresses speakers intention to do something.
• Expresses a description of the possibility that
  someone else will do something.
• Most common is Lets do something.
• Form by adding mashoo to the infinitive of a
  verb
• yomu yomimashoo lets read
• taberu tabemashoo lets eat

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Noun Phrases

• To make a compound noun, two or more nouns are
  joined by the particle no
• rekishi no kurasu a class of history ( history
  class)
• Ima no nihon no uchi todays Japanese house
• By convention the particle no is not used with
  some words
• koohi jawan (koohi chawan) coffee cup
• kankoo basu sightseeing bus

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Noun Suffixes

• The suffix ya added to a noun means the place or
  shop where that thing is sold, or the shopkeeper
  who sells it
• niku ? nikuya butcher shop butcher
• The suffix ka added to a noun means a person
  with expertise or special knowledge on that
  subject
• seiji (politics) ? seijika politician

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Comparison

• When comparing things in Japanese the adjectives
  do not change a special pattern is used
  instead
• A wa B yori yasui desu
• A is cheaper than B
• A yori B no hoo ga chiisai desu
• B is smaller than A
• Shikago to Tookyoo to, dochira ga suki desu ka
• Tookyoo no hoo ga suki desu
• basu to chikatetsu to, dotchi ga ii desu ka
• basu yori chikatetsu no hoo ga benri desu
• dono kudamono ga ichiban suki desu ka
• Ringo ga motto suki desu

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Nominalization

• Nominalization is the process of making
  adjectives into nouns.
• There are two proceduresone for each type of
  adjective.
• For i-adjectives add no to the basic form
• atarashii ? atarashii no the new one
• amai ? amai no the sweet
  one
• For na-adjectives add no to the na form
• shizuka na ? shizuka na no the quiet one
• yuumei na ? yuumei na no the famous one

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The Suffix -sa

• The suffix sa is added to the stem of true
  adjectives to convert the adjective to a noun
• atsui (thick) ? atsusa thickness
• omoi (heavy) ? omosa heaviness
• akai (red) ? akasa redness
• chikai (near) ? chikasa nearness