Policy in a Political World

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Policy in a Political World
PS 202 -- American Political Institutions and
Processes
Fall 2000
2
The Rationality Project
Model of Reasoning
Rational Decision Making
Model of Policy Making
Production Model
Model of Society
The Market
Deborah Stone, The Policy Paradox
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The Rationality Project
Confronts Politics
Model of Reasoning
Rational Decision Making
Political Reasoning
Model of Policy Making
Production Model
The Struggle Over Ideas
Model of Society
The Market
The Polis
Deborah Stone, The Policy Paradox
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Competing Concepts of Society - Part 1
Attributes
Market Model
Polis Model
Unit of Analysis
Individual
Community
Motivations
Self-Interest
Public ( Self) Interest
Chief Conflict
Self-Interest vs. Self-Interest
Self-Interest vs. Public Interest
Sources of Ideas and Preferences
Self-Generation w/in the Individual
Influences from Outside
Nature of Collective Activity
Cooperation and Competition
Competition
Criteria for Individual Decision Making
Loyalty, Maximize Self-Interest, Promote Public
Interest
Maximizing Self-Interest, Minimizing Cost
Deborah Stone, The Policy Paradox (p. 33)
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Competing Concepts of Society - Part 2
Attributes
Market Model
Polis Model
Building Blocks of Social Action
Individuals
Groups and Organizations
Ambiguous, Interpretative, Incomplete,
Strategically Manipulated
Nature of Information
Accurate, Complete, Fully Available
Laws of Matter (Scarcity and Marginal Diminishing
Returns)
Law of Passion (Human Resources are Renewable,
Expand with Use)
How Things Work
Sources of Change
?Material Exchange ? Quest to Maximize Own Welfare
?Ideas, Persuasion, Alliances ? Pursuit of Power,
Own Welfare, Public Interest
Deborah Stone, The Policy Paradox (p. 33)
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Goals (A Look at Three)
Equity
Who are the recipients? What is being
distributed? What social processes will determine
the distribution? What motivates people?
(e.g., K-12 School Funding)
Efficiency
Market failure? Endogenous preferences? Real
choice? Distribution of resources? Social
welfare? Equality-efficiency trade-off?
(e.g., Health Care Financing)
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Goals (A Look at Three - Continued)
Security
Individual motivation? Economic
productivity? Technological change and
innovation?
(e.g., social welfare programs)
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Problem Definition
Symbols
Synecdoche, Metaphor
Categorization, Norm Creation, Interpretation,
Perceived Reduction of Complexity, Source of
Mobilization, Source of Power to Creators
Numbers
Causes
Causal Theories, Complexity (social science)
versus simplicity (politics)
(Interests)
Decisions
Issue Framing, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Expected
Value, Technocratic wish
The Uninsured Problem
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Solutions
Inducements
Rules
Facts
(Rights)
(Powers)
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Political Reason
This book challenges the dichotomy of analysis
and politics.The categories of thought behind
reasoned analysis, I argue, are themselves
constructed in political struggle, and nonviolent
political conflict is conducted primarily through
reasoned analysis. It is not simply, therefore,
a matter that sometimes analysis is used in
partisan fashion or for political purposes.
Reasoned analysis is necessarily political. It
always involves choices to include some things
and exclude others and to view the world in a
particular way when other visions are possible.
Policy analysis is political argument, and vice
versa. Deborah Stone, The Policy Paradox, p. 375.
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Week 3 Set-Up Constitutions and Federalism
PS 202 -- American Political Institutions and
Processes
Fall 2000
12
The Social Learning Model
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Constitutional Design of Government
Attributes
Majoritarian
Consensus
Executive Power
Concentrated
Power Sharing
Executive-Legislative
Fused
Separation of Powers
Legislative Design
Asymmetric Bicameralism
Balanced Bicameralism
Parties-Number
Two-Party System
Multi-Party System
Parties-Dimensions
One Dimensional
Multi-Dimensional
Elections
Plurality
Proportional Representation
Levels of Government
Unitary/Centralized
Federalism/Decentralized
Constitution
Unwritten
Written/Minority Veto
Source Arend Lijphart, 1984
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The U.S. Government
Attributes
Majoritarian
Consensus
Executive Power
Concentrated
Power Sharing
Executive-Legislative
Fused
Separation of Powers
Legislative Design
Asymmetric Bicameralism
Balanced Bicameralism
Parties-Number
Two-Party System
Multi-Party System
Parties-Dimensions
One Dimensional
Multi-Dimensional
Elections
Plurality
Proportional Representation
Levels of Government
Unitary/Centralized
Federalism/Decentralized
Constitution
Unwritten
Written/Minority Veto
Source Arend Lijphart, 1984
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The U.S. Government
Federalism
Federalism/Decentralized
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Functional Theory of Federalism
Bounded
Market Tests
Absence of Market Tests
Permeable
National Redistributive
Local Developmental
Paul Peterson, The Price of Federalism