Section 4.19

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Section 4.19 McKay Ch 16

• Britain The Puritan Revolution

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Crane Brintons Anatomy of a Revolution

• Proposed that all revolutions run in stages
  similar to a flu
• Symptoms of sickness slowly appear
• Stage 1- Moderate Phase
• Moderates (Nobles) take control
• Attempt to address immediate issues
• Stage 2- Radical Phase
• Radicals (Revolutionaries) take control
• Reign of Terror/Regicide
• Attempt a complete remake of society
• Stage 3- Thermidorian Phase
• Moderate (Reactionaries) regain control
• Purge government of Radicals
• Reactionary phase
• Reject Radical ideals
• Usually noted for decadence
• Stage 4- Restoration Phase
• Old order is restored with some changes adopted

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Constitutionalism

• Defined gov. which is limited by law
• Balance between authority and power of gov. and
  liberty of people
• Can be written or unwritten
• Can be single document (Constitution) or series
  of documents (Court decisions, parliamentary
  decisions, etc.)
• Can be monarchial or republican
• Not necessarily a democracy
• Franchise (vote) did not come until late 1800s
• England went from absolutism to a Constitutional
  monarchy during the 1600s
• How?

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English Absolutism
Charles I comes to power
James II
Long Parliament begins
Moderate
Radical
Thermidorian
Restoration
Constitution
Interregnum
Restoration
Thorough
1603 1625 1629 1640 1649 1653 1660 1685 1688
Charles II
Glorious Revolution
James I Stuart Reign begins
Charles I dissolves Parliament after it issues
Petition of Right
Charles I is beheaded
The Protectorate
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English Society Circa 1603

• Proportionally larger middle class than the rest
  of Europe (except Netherlands)
• More social mobility than other nations
• House of Lords
• Old and declining nobility
• House of Commons
• Comprised of wealthy landowners
• Many had moved up from middle class
• Richer, more educated than House of Lords
• Had power of the purse
• Paid taxes so long as they had a say in
  expenditures
• No stigma in paying taxes
• Adopted capitalism
• Largely Puritan (Ultra-zealous Calvinist)
• Anti Catholic
• Wanted to purify Anglican Church
• Wanted to eliminate Bishop
• Adopted Protestant Work ethic

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James I (r.1603-1625)

• 1603 Elizabeth I died with no heir
• James the IV of Scotland
• son of Mary (Queen of the Scotts) Stuart
• became James I of England
• the wisest fool in Christendom
• Had been King of Scotland for 35 years
• Harsh Scottish accent
• Lacked common touch
• Wrote book called The True Law of Free Monarchy
• Free meant free to rule as he pleased
• Rejected traditional power of Parliament
• Adopted the theory of the Divine right of kings
• King is responsible only to God

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James I

• As James IV of Scotland he was used to a weak
  Parliament
• Lectured Parliament on the royal rights
• There are no privileges and immunities which can
  stand against a divinely appointed King.
• Contradicted English tradition of Magna Charta
• Said he should not have to ask for money
• Wars with Spain left big debt and James wasnt
  thrifty
• Took advise from incompetent friends
• Asserted Medieval right of Tunnage and poundage
• right of king to collect fixed income on
  imports/exports

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Archbishop Laud

• James I was raised Calvinist
• Rejected Presbyterian style of democratic
  churches
• No Bishop, No King.
• Seemed sympathetic to Catholicism
• Disliked doctrine of Anglican Church
• Under influence of Archbishop Laud
• Archbishop Laud
• Wanted uniform, centralized standards throughout
  Britain
• In 1627 he imposed the Book of Common Prayer and
  bishoprics
• Persecuted Puritans
• Scots (Presbyterians) revolted
• Forced Charles I (James I son) to convene
  Parliament to ask for

William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury
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Charles I (1625-1649)

• Intelligent but considered devious and
  untrustworthy
• Claimed divine right
• Quartered soldiers in homes (to save money)
• Arrested nobles who refused to loan him money
• Convened Parliament in 1628 to ask for more
• Petition of Right
• Asserted Parliaments right to levy taxes
• Called for due process
• Right of habeas corpus (trial)
• No quartering
• No martial law in peacetime
• Charles dissolves Par

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Thorough Period (1629-1640)

• Charles attempted to rule without Parliament
• Ship Money Dispute
• Traditionally coastal towns paid taxes or
  provided ships in time of war
• Charles I needed money
• Extended medieval policy of ship money to all
  towns in England not just coastal cities
• An absolutist view of power
• Parliament (most lived inland) resist new tax
  without its consent
• Short Parliament
• In 1640 Charles called Parliament for
• Refused his demands unless he agreed to Petition
  of Right/Church reforms
• Charles I dissolved the Parliament, called for
  new elections and the same members are returned

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Long Parliament

• Charles was desperate for to stop the Scots
• Long Parliament (1640-1660)
• Enacted legislation curbing Kings power
• Triennial Act
• Parliament must be summoned every 3 years
• Impeached Laud abolished his ecclesiastical
  court
• Demanded royal advisers be removed and put to
  death
• Abolished the Star Chamber
• Abolished bishops (Calvinist view against clergy)
• Charles Agreed
• Who has sovereign power?
• Charles goes to war with Parliament
• Cavaliers (support the King)
• Roundheads (support Parliament)

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Civil War (Part I)

• Irish rebellion broke out but Parliament would
  not give King an army
• In 1642 Charles tried to arrest certain Puritans
  in Parliament
• Crowd of 4 thousand stopped him
• Charles declared war
• Cavaliers
• Supported King
• Comprised of clergy, old nobility from House of
  Lords, and Irish Catholics who feared Puritanism
• Roundhead
• Puritans and Congregationalists
• Named for close haircuts of the Puritans
• Allied with Scotland in return for Solemn League
• Sign Solemn League and Covenant
• Made Presbyterianism established religion of
  England, Scotland, and Ireland

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Oliver Cromwell

• Puritan leader of the Roundheads
• New Model Army
• His army was religiously zealous and highly
  organized
• Professional (not a militia)
• More effective military (called the Ironsides)
• religiously motivated

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The Commonwealth (1649-1653) (Interregnum)

• Cromwell called for the execution of Charles I
  for treason
• Parliament resists
• Rump Parliament
• Army purged the Parliament to a Rump with the
  army
• had 500 members in 1640 and sunk to 150 in 1649
• Cromwell reduced it to 50-60
• called Prides Purge (after Puritan general in
  charge of intimidating Parliament)
• 1649 King is condemned of treason and executed
  regicide in 1649
• British Isles declared a republican commonwealth

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The Protectorate (1653-1660)

• England is theoretically a republic
• Monarchy and House of Lords abolished
• In reality its a military dictatorship
• Rump Parliament resisted Cromwell
• Cromwell bans Parliament and becomes Lord
  Protector 1653
• Instrument of Government
• Written constitution
• Theoretically gave power of purse to Parliament
• Cromwell tore up document
• Ruled as military dictatorship
• Divided England into 12 military districts
• Closed ale houses, prohibited sports, dancing,
  gambling
• 1658 Cromwell dies and his son is unable to
  maintain the Protectorate

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The Protectorate

• Cromwell granted religious toleration
• Except to Catholics
• Not a popular policy with English
• Gave rise to new sects
• Levellers
• Radical revolutionaries
• Advocated universal male suffrage, a
  constitution, and equal representation
• led by John Lilburne (civilian)
• Quakers
• Society of Friends or Quakers
• insisted that believers can have revelations
  (inner light) of spiritual truth and rejected
  hierarchies
• Rejected church authority
• Pacifists
• Allowed for female preachers
• Led by George Fox founded the
• Diggers
• rejected the idea of property

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The Protectorate

• Cromwell
• Regarded Irish Catholics as treasonous
• subdues Ireland and Scotland by force
• Scots not pleased with Stuart execution (he was a
  Scot)
• Ireland
• Protestants were massacre in 1641 in Ulster
• Garrisons of Wexford and Drogheda are massacred
  by Cromwell
• Priests, as well as women and children
  dispatched in cold blood
• Protestants now take over aristocracy of entire
  island (not just Ulster) (mostly absentee
  landlords)
• Redistributed land to Protestants who ruled in
  absence
• Sewed seeds of hatred

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The Protectorate

• Economic Policy
• Mercantile Policy
• Navigation Act of 1651,
• Required that English goods be transported on
  English ships
• Helped develop English merchant marine
• maritime attack on the Dutch, preying on the
  Spanish empire
• Anglo Dutch Wars
• Fought over Navigation Acts
• England took New Amsterdam

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Legacy of Revolution

• Reactionary
• 1660 the crown in restored Restoration with
  Charles II
• Religious intolerance was equated thereafter with
  military dictatorship
• Excess democracy or levelling is considered
  abhorrent and popular interests are abandoned

The Royal Oak of Brittayne