Identity and Conflict in the Balkans

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Identity and Conflict in the Balkans

• Fourteenth Week

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News
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Choose paper topic

• Check out website
• Review your English comp guides

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Kaplan Bulgaria (12-14)
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Bulgaria (capitalSofia)
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Bulgaria Today

• Almost 8 million
• Orthodoxy
• Sofia capital
• EU by 2007

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New Century

• President Parvanov
• Prime Minister Simeon (former King Simeon II)

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Early History

• Turkic tribe, joined Slavs after crossing Danube
• 7th century
• Constant wars with Byzantine Empire

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Bulgaria under the Ottomans, 1396-1878

• Occupied by Turks since 14th 1396-1878
• Full independence 1908 kingdom 1908-46

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Vasil Levski 1837-73
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Post-Liberation Bulgaria, 1878-1912
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The Balkan Wars, 1912-13

• Turks out Balkan League victorious, May 1913
• Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Greece
• Bulgaria loses territory June 1913
• Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, Greece

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Bulgaria during WWI-WWII

• Alliance with Germany, WWI and WWII

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Post-War Bulgaria

• Occupied by USSR 1944 Socialist Peoples
  Republic 1946
• Georgi Dimitrov
• Georgi Markov
• Todor Zhivkov

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Todor Zhivkov Years, 1911-98

• In power 1954-89
• Allegiance to Soviet Union (even merger)

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Bulgaria in the 90s

• Republic of Bulgaria, 1990
• New constitution, National Assembly 1991

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Heads of State Clinton and Stojanov
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Kaplan account for the day
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Georgi Markov, 1929-78

• Dissident, author
• Assassinated in London
• Working for Radio Free Europe

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Kaplans Places

• Grand Hotel Bulgaria
• Alexander Nevski Memorial Church
• Batak
• Rila Monastery

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Grand Hotel
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Nevski Memorial Church
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Batak
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Rila Monastery
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Nevski Square, 1999
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Kaplan

• Guillermo decades of friendship
• Changes over decades
• Problems
• Living conditions
• Communist heritage
• Turkish relations
• Capitalism

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People

• Boris I, Simeon
• Vasil Levski
• Mehmet Ali Agca
• Georgi Dimitrov
• Georgi Markov
• Todor Zhivkov
• Petar Stojanov

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Vasil Levski 1837-73
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Kaplans Places

• Grand Hotel Bulgaria
• Alexander Nevski Memorial Church
• Batak
• Rila Monastery

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Grand Hotel
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Nevski Memorial Church
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Batak
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Rila Monastery
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Nevski Square, 1999
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Kaplan

• Guillermo decades of friendship
• Changes over decades
• Problems
• Living conditions
• Communist heritage
• Turkish relations
• Capitalism

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Roma (Gypsies)

• Who they are
• Where they come from
• Language
• History
• Culture

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Romantic Vision
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More Critical Visions
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Portrait England
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Nazis and Roma
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Slavenka Drakulic
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Drakulic- Biography

• Born 1949 lives in Sweden and Croatia
• Essayist, Journalist and Fiction Writer
• Non-fiction
• Deadly Sins of Feminism
• How We Survived Communism and Even Laughed
• The Balkan Express Fragments from the Other Side
  of the War
• Café Europa Life after Communism
• Novels
• Holograms of Fear
• Marble Skin
• The Taste of a Man

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Drakulics S A Novel About the Balkans (1999)

• Treatment of women in wartime
• Conscious strategy deliberate policies
• Moral blindness loss of inhibitions under
  extreme conditions

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Drakulics Novel S

• What is the historical basis for the work?
• Did it offer any explanations? Motives?
• What are the key events in Ss experiences? Her
  main challenges?
• What are Ss key relationships?
• What are the moral questions raised? Are they
  resolved?

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What are the novels literary qualities?

• Genre
• Point of view
• Structure

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Drakulics Novel S

• What is the historical basis for the work?
• Did it offer any explanations? Motives?
• What are the key events in Ss experiences? Her
  main challenges?
• What are Ss key relationships?
• What are the moral questions raised? Are they
  resolved?

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What are the novels literary qualities?

• Genre
• Point of view
• Structure

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Rape

• Phenomenon in many military conflicts
• Ongoing discussion in international law
• ICTY verdict systematic use of rape can be
  prosecuted as war crime
• 25,000-60,000 Bosnian and Croatian women
• How should we understand it?
• Tactic of ethnic cleansing?
• Related to genocide?

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Theory 1

• Woman as property rape devalues signals failure
  of her man to protect her

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Theory 2

• Rape represents violation of territorial
  integrity, means of establishing jurisdiction and
  conquest
• Metaphor man bears generic stuff of nation
  female is property and vessel in which children
  of nation grow men become owners of territory
  and children

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Theory 3

• Rape degrades, pollutes nations symbol of
  fertility and purity threatens to cleanse the
  territory through birth of an enemy son
• Demonstrates power of invading forces
• Reward for victory

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More theories

• War removes inhibitions
• Xenophobia, misogyny merge
• Ethnic hatred is sexualized
• Mass sexual abuse as genocide

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Theory and Drakulics S A Novel About the
Balkans (1999)

• Public humiliation effective way of scaring
  people away
• Mass rape most horrifying public humiliation
• Shame women, soil them
• Rape intimidates enemy soldiers