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Identity and Conflict in the Balkans

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Bosnian Muslims and Croats join Croatia against Serbia. Dayton Accords in 1995 ... Associated with nonalignment during Cold War, communist pluralism ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Identity and Conflict in the Balkans


1
Identity and Conflict in the Balkans
  • Third Week, Tuesday

2
Announcements
  • News
  • Death of Ibrahim Rugova

3
The Bigger Picture
4
Former Yugoslavia
  • Croatia
  • Bosnia-Herzegovina
  • Serbia Kosovo, Vojvodina
  • Montenegro
  • Macedonia
  • Slovenia

5
Film on Balkan Wars
  • Slovenia, then Croatia declare independence
  • Serbia (as Yugoslavia) reacts
  • Croatia and Serbia attack Bosnia
  • Bosnian Muslims and Croats join Croatia against
    Serbia
  • Dayton Accords in 1995

6
Principal Events of War
  • Rout in Slovenia
  • Destruction of Vukovar, Croatia
  • Siege of Sarajevo, Bosnia
  • Massacres (e.g., Srebenica)
  • Dayton Accords

7
Principal features
  • Brutal violence
  • Ethnic cleansing
  • Sex camps in Bosnia
  • UN indecision, ineffectiveness

8
Divided Bosnia
9
Croatia (and Kaplan)
10
Balkan Ghosts Croatia today
  • Zagreb
  • Old City, Esplanade Hotel, Cathedral, St. Marko
    Church

11
St. Marko Church, Old City
12
Croatia Zagreb (Chapter 1)
  • Religion and ethnic identity
  • Croats vs. Serbs
  • Catholics vs. Orthodox
  • Rome vs. Constantinople
  • Little differences strong antipathies

13
Croatia Part of the Balkans?
  • Feeling of superiority to Serbs
  • Connections with Western Europe
  • Proximity to Austria, Italy
  • Roman Catholic ties
  • Myth-based kinship?

14
Early History Slav settlements in Balkans
  • Slavs in the west peninsula (6th-7th c.)
  • Independent kingdom (early 10th)
  • King Tomislav Croat State
  • Hungarian rule (late 11th)
  • Alliance with western powers, Roman Catholicism

15
Attitudes today
  • Orthodoxy, Muslim Turks the East
  • Habsburgs, Austro-Hungarian Empire the West
  • We are part of the West

16
Mutual resentments
  • For Croats Serb rule in post-WWII age
  • For Serbs Croats blamed for treatment of Serbs
    after WWI
  • Assassination of King Alexander Karageorgevich
    (hero to Serbs)
  • Crimes of Ustashe against Serbs
  • Mistreatment of Croatian Serbs (from nationalist
    zeal)

17
Accusations?
  • Forced conversions
  • Willing complicity with Hitlers goals

18
Kaplan to the Croats Historical Choices
  • Fr. Strossmayer (tolerance)
  • Fr. Stepinac (nationalism)

19
Religion Early Heroes
  • Cyril and Methodius (9th century)
  • Missionaries from Salonika
  • Translations into (Old Church) Slavic
  • New alphabet (Glagolitic)
  • Major figures for Croats and Serbs

20
Split in Christianity 1056
  • Rome vs. Constantinople
  • Catholicism vs Orthodoxy
  • Croat alliances with Catholic countries

21
Bishop Strossmayer (1815-1905)
  • Voice (of the past) promoting harmony
  • Conflict with Habsburg Empire
  • Conflict with Vatican
  • Secular spirit
  • Urged tolerance for Serbs, for Eastern Orthodoxy

22
Religion as Divisive Force During WWII
  • Archbishop Stepinac
  • Croat nationalism
  • Piety dogmatism
  • Religious zeal

23
Stepinac Broader Questions
  • Complicity of Vatican in WWII atrocities
  • Hatred of Communism as justification for anything

24
Fascist connections
  • Collaboration with Nazis, Ustashe
  • Tito equilibrium between groups, but nothing
    forgotten

25
Outcomes Today
  • Stepinac a symbol for Croatian identity,
    independence
  • Martyrdom at hands of Tito
  • Elevation in Catholic hierarchy
  • Beatification by John Paul II in 1998
  • John Paul II visited Croatia three times 1994,
    1998, 2003

26
Another Wound Jasenovac
27
Serbs, Roma
28
Beginnings
  • Germany and its Axis allies invaded Yugoslavia in
    April 1941
  • Nazis permitted Ustaa organization to found
    Independent State of Croatia.
  • Ustaa regime establishes numerous concentration
    camps in Croatia between 1941 and 1945
  • The largest was the Jasenovac complex
  • Number killed is big issue

29
WWII Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia Issues
  • Culpability (who, to what degree, supported Nazi
    Germany)
  • Who was responsible for purges (Serbs, Gypsies,
    Jews)?

30
Groups
  • Role of Cetniks (Chetniks) (Serb monarchists)
  • Role of Ustae (Ustashe, Ustasha) (Nationalists)
  • Role of Partisans (Communists)
  • Roles of Father Stepinac, Tito

31
After the War
  • The Federal Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia,
    1945-90
  • Six republics, two autonomous regions
  • Nationalities related to ethnic origins
  • Serbs, Croats, Macedonians, Slovenians,
    Montenegrins, and Muslims
  • Two autonomous regions, Vojvodina (Hungarian
    links) and Kosovo (Albanian links)

32
Tito (Josip Broz) 1892-1980
33
Biography
  • Croat CP work after WWI
  • Imprisoned 1928-34
  • Formed Yugoslav Partisan force against Germans
    and Croatian allies
  • Also fought against Serbian Cetniks
  • Took control of country after WWII

34
Post-war years
  • For, then against Stalin
  • Alternative Marxism, nonalignment movement
  • President for life in 1974
  • Associated with nonalignment during Cold War,
    communist pluralism
  • Responsibility for civil war in 90s?
  • Repressed Albanians
  • Encouraged Serb nationalism

35
Issues lingering today
  • WWII relationship with Nazi Germany
  • Ustashe collaboration with Nazis under Pavelic
  • Who did what then?
  • Communism under Tito equilibrium, but

36
Albanian Blood Feuds
  • Mountain peoples
  • Generational chains of violence
  • Not just the Balkans
  • White Faces asking sincere forgiveness
  • Breaking the cycle

37
History
  • Importance of WWII
  • Nazi occupation
  • Ustashe
  • Jesenovac massacre
  • Importance of Tito
  • Post-Tito developments
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