Chapter 5 English Words and Sentences

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Chapter 5 English Words and Sentences

• dictation wksht A

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Citation Forms vs.Forms in Connected Speech

• The citation form of a word is the form cited in
  the dictionary, e.g.
• going ?gouIN
• The citation form is often changed in connected
  speech (normal speech, not isolated words), e.g.,
• A? j? g?n ? sIN Are ya gonna sing?

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Function Words

• Functions words are words such as determiners and
  conjunctions that specify grammatical relations
  rather than carry semantic information.
• Function words (the, a, and, to, for, etc.)
  rarely resemble their citation forms in connected
  speech.

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Closed Class (Function) Words

• Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, -ly Adverbs are
• Open Class (Lexical) Words
• in speech, they retain stress on their prominent
  syllables
• Prepositions, Conjunctions, Auxiliaries, etc. are
  Closed Class (Function) Words
• in speech, their stress is reduced wksht B

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Strong and Weak Forms of Function Words

• su keIm tu skul Sue came to school
• su keIm R? skul
• Word Strong Form Weak Form
• a eI ?
• and Qnd ?nd,nd,?n,n
• has hQz h?z,?z,z,s
• wksht C

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Suprasegmental Features

• Segmental features (?voice, ?nasal) are
  properties of single consonants or vowels.
• Suprasegmental features are overlaid on top of
  the individual segments.
• They are established by a comparison of items in
  sequence, i.e., the values for pitch, stress, and
  quantity are all relative to the other pitch,
  stress and quantity values in the utterance

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Suprasegmentals Examples

• Pitch
• 2 3 1 ? 2 3 3 ?
• A mel ia A mel ia
• Stress
• inva_at_lid i_at_nvalid
• Quantity
• He was so cool, I got him a jacket.
• He was soooo cool, I couldnt resist him.

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Pitch

• the auditory property that allows us to place a
  sound on a High/Low scale
• correlates with the frequency of vocal cord
  vibration

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The Role of Pitch in LanguageTone and
Intonation (1)

• Tone
• A pitch or pitch change that signals a difference
  in word meaning, as in Chinese
• ma? mother
• ma? scold

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The Role of Pitch in LanguageTone and
Intonation (2)

• Intonation
• The pattern of pitch changes that occurs during a
  phrase, as in English
• an ap ple

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Pitch Change Notation

• Lines
• Numbers 2 3 1
• Letters H L
• Jumping Words Hel lo worksheet
  Pitch Contour

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Match the Sentence with the Intonation Contour

• A. Sam struck out my friend. B. Sam struck
  out, my friend.

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The Tonic Syllable

• Each tone group has one syllable, the tonic
  syllable, that carries the major pitch change.
• It usually occurs near the end of the tone group
  and corresponds with the most strongly stressed
  syllable.
• Sam struck out my friend.

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The Tone Group

• The domain over which a single pitch contour
  spreads is called a tone group.
• The following utterance has two tone groups
• Sam struck out, my friend.

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The Tone Group POW Example

• Coffee cake, n cream
• Coffee, cake, n cream

2 tone groups
3 tone groups
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Intonational Phrasing

• Each tone group ends with a phrase break.
• Where the phrase break occurs is important
• After he ate my cat Freddy took a nap.

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Possible determinants of the phrase break

• syntactic structure
• ?Hes a collector PPof strange animals.
• semantic focus
• She even studied classical Chinese at
  Harvard.
• discourse (old items are not broken off)
• ?I knew John for several months before I gave
• the key to him.
• length of phrase rhythmic patterning
• The chickens were eating the vegetables.
• The chickens were eating the remaining
  green vegetables.

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Phonetic Stress

• Production A stressed syllable is produced with
  greater respiratory energy than an unstressed
  syllable
• Perception A stressed syllable is perceived as
  different from surrounding syllables in one or
  more of the following
• longer (duration)
• louder (intensity)
• higher or lower (pitch)

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Stress in English

• (1) English exhibits rhythmic alternation
• two stressed syllables cannot occur in
  succession
• (2) stress is dependent on
• syntactic category Vcon.flíct Ncón.flict
• syntactic composition of a phrase
• compounds hót dog (a frankfurter)
• modifier noun hot dóg (a warm puppy)

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Stress in English (2)

• (3) only one primary stress per phrase
• He has a cóntract.
• They are playing còntract brídge.
• (4) primary stress is usually at end of a phrase
• (5) stress will shift to obey (1)
• He is fourtéen.
• He worked for fòurteen yéars.
• ó - an acute accent marks primary stress.
• ò - a grave accent marks secondary stress.