Title: Energy Conservation, Renewable Energy, and Enhanced Conventional Energy
1Energy Conservation, Renewable Energy, and
Enhanced Conventional Energy
2An Open Field Village Source Cloughall College,
UK
3Reconstructed medieval house, West Stow, Suffolk
4Open fields after enclosure Source
Northumberland and Durham county councils
5Open fields after enclosure Middleton, Derbyshire
6Hundreds of English villages were abandoned
during the Black Death. This is the village of
Middle Ditchford in Gloucestershire. You can see
the outlines of the buildings.
http//passmoreshistory.homestead.com/files/Unit_3
_Lesson__7_sheet_edited.ppt.
7Source Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet Sheffield,
Yorkshire The Tilt Forge Wheel
8Source Shepherd Wheel Sheffield, Yorkshire The
Grinding Workshop
9Forge sites on Sheffield rivers
10From the author of Robinson Crusoe
- This town of Sheffield is very populous and
large, the streets narrow, and the houses dark
and black, occasioned by the continued smoke of
the forges which are always at work. - Here they make all sorts of cutlery-ware, but
especially that of edge tools, knives, razors,
axes etc. and nails and here the only mill of
the sort, which was in use in England for some
time, was set up, for turning their grindstones. - The manufacture of hard ware is ... much
increased... and they talk of 30000 men employed
in the whole. - from A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great
Britain by Daniel Defoe published in 1724
11Sea Coal Photo Glen Smart
12Newcomens mine engine Original diagram
13Newcomen Engine installed in Yorkshire, now in
Henry Ford Museum
14New Hampshire Mill Source Conservationtech.com
15Oil gusher in New Straitsville, Ohio Source
Town of New Straitsville, Ohio
16Model T Ford University of Wisconsin
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19Levittown, Long Island, in 1958 Source Unknown
20Megopolis Source NOAA's National Geophysical
Data Center (NGDC), in Boulder, Colorado, working
with the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program
(DMSP)
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22Remember
- Stabilization wedges
- Energy efficiency
- Methane management
- Decarbonized electricity
- Decarbonized fuels
- Decarbonized transportation (electric cars, etc)
- Nukes
- Forests and soils
23The triangle can be filled by a portfolio of 7
wedges
Each wedge accounts for 1 GtC/yr in 2055
Methane Management
Energy Efficiency
Forests Soils
14 GtC/y
Fuel Displacement by Low-Carbon Electricity
Stabilization
Decarbonized Electricity
Triangle
7 GtC/y
2055
2005
2005
2004
2054
Decarbonized Fuels
This particular set of wedges is only
illustra-tive, not prescriptive.
24Emissions stabilization goals
- 450 ppm, lt 2 degrees Celsius AAT
- Either 50 or 80 reduction below 1990 levels by
2050 - EU, IPCC, UN
25Wedge 1 Energy Efficiency
- Far more cost-efficient than renewable
development - Old-fashioned, unsexy, but eminently sensible
- Insulating and sealing old buildings-- the best
energy savings per dollar - Replacing old, worn out buildings with new,
super-insulated, passive solar buildings LEED
standards - Appliance and light bulb exchange -- third best
savings per dollar Energy Star ratings - Living closer to work, driving less,
walking/biking more, downsizing engine, getting
more fuel-efficient car/truck - Total as much as 60 reduction
26Featured kit The Hallowell Acadia air-source
heat pump. Made in Maine
Other examples Williams Windmill http//www.afri
gadget.com/2007/06/25/williams-windmill/ Straw
Bale House http//www.unity.edu/facultypages/womer
sley/intro.htm Farm House retrofit http//www.unit
y.edu/facultypages/aphillippi/house.htm http//www
.unity.edu/facultypages/womersley/housenergy.htm
27Types of household insulation Cellulose Fiberglas
s Foams and foam boards Natural straw, wool,
hemp, etc R-value Insulation of 1 inch wood is
R1
28Photo Five Star insulation Moist pack
cellulose R 3.8 per inch 3.5 inch cavity
R13.3 5.5 inch R20.9
29Photo Oikos Foam/spray foam Many different
kinds Can be made of cornstarch-based
material R3 - 8 per inch
30Straw bale insulation Photo Alison Gannet
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32EPA energy star fridges Up to 70 more
efficient Old fridge 0.800 KWH x 30 runtime x
24 hours x 365 days x 0.15/KWH 315/year New
fridge 0.300 KWH x 30 runtime x 24 hours x 365
days x 0.15/KWH 118.2/year
33Alternative homework assignment hand in your
analysis print-out
Home energy saver online http//hes.lbl.gov/
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38- Energy efficiency
- Obvious thermal bridging on Maplewood
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47Wedge 2Methane management
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49But seriously
50Photo North Davis Sewer District
51Photo Treehugger.com
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53Remember
- Stabilization wedges
- Energy efficiency
- Methane management
- Decarbonized electricity
- Decarbonized fuels
- Decarbonized transportation (electric cars, etc)
- Nukes
- Forests and soils
54The triangle can be filled by a portfolio of 7
wedges
Each wedge accounts for 1 GtC/yr in 2055
Methane Management
Energy Efficiency
Forests Soils
14 GtC/y
Fuel Displacement by Low-Carbon Electricity
Stabilization
Decarbonized Electricity
Triangle
7 GtC/y
2055
2005
2005
2004
2054
Decarbonized Fuels
This particular set of wedges is only
illustra-tive, not prescriptive.
55Wedge 3 Renewable Energy(Decarbonized
electricity)
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58European Power and Energy magazine
59http//www.youtube.com/watch?vbaeGMF-z0fMfeature
player_embedded http//www.youtube.com/watch?v
FmJxUsXWajo
60Wind Power 101
61Wind 101 1 KW/hr. Low tech, homebuilt
turbine www.otherpower.com
62Wind 101 2 MW/hour High tech turbine in
Scotland Heriot Watt University
63Community Wind SystemsMae'r tyrbin 'Pwer Pobl
Typical turbine is small, but communities can own
full scale windfarms Offset previous power
purchases, or sell wholesale power Distributed
supply reduces transmission losses Require 12
mph average wind sites land and
off-shore Economies to small scale Net
metering Major turbine mfg GE, Siemens,
Vestas, Gamasa Also refurbished turbines
Vestas, Micon, Nordtank Access to private and
public finance, cheaper notes, access to
community expertise and easier planning
permission
Bro Dyfi Community Renewables Machynlleth, West
Wales
64Mars Hill wind farm, Maine. Photo Roger Duval
65Mars Hill wind farm, Maine. Photo Roger Duval
66Fox Islands Wind Farm (Photo Prairie Weather blog
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68Photo Mesa wind
Mars Hill wind farm, Maine. Photo Roger Duval
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71http//www.youtube.com/watch?vQRSAvD8VAbI
72Photo Mesa wind
Mars Hill wind farm, Maine. Photo Roger Duval
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74Wind farm sound model in the case of spherical
spreading from a point source, which is due to a
noise source radiating sound equally in all
directions, the sound level is reduced by 6 dB
for each doubling of distance from the source.
However, the wind also plays a role. All the
turbines have a height of about 29 m and are
spaced 50 m apart in the x- and y-directions. The
ground is modeled as a rigid infinite plane.
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81- Wind power pros
- Cheap 4 or less per installed watt
- Long life of turbines (better than fossil fuel
plants, possibly better than nuclear) - No toxic waste, no pollution (except from
manufacture) - New turbines 300m, 5MW/H (each one can power
8,000 houses if it ran 24/7) (Stop press new 700
meter, 20KWH models) - Not middle-eastern oil -- no international
conflict likely, no petrostate phenomenon - Cons
- Many people find turbines ugly
- Bad rap from certain wildlife people (birds and
bats) - Access roads needed
- Usually put up in quite wild places (but not
always)
82Lies, damn lies and wind turbine lies Too
intermittent? Couldnt happen without
subsidy? Doesnt reduce GHGs?
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84Maine has enough wind in some places USDOE
Maine wind resource map The majority of Maine is
listed as a Class 1 to 2 wind resource
area Estimated average wind speed 5.24 m/s
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86Wind Taking Off Worldwide
Wind Leaders (MW) 1. Germany - 18,428 2. Spain -
10,027 3. USA 9,149 4. India 4,430 5.
Denmark 3,122
Total 59,000 MW at end of 2005 40 growth
over 2004
Based on information supplied by International
Energy Agency.
87Wind Taking Off Worldwide
Wikipedia image
88NRG TallTower Wind Assessment System
89Skippy the Hamster www.otherpower.com
90Skippy the Hamster says Wind power is a gas,
man
91Solar Power 101
- Active solar
- Solar thermal
- Solar photovoltaic
- Passive solar
- passiv haus
- The Unity House
- The Terra Haus dorm
92US Federal Govt
93Including
- Unity College Jimmy Carter Panel legacy
- http//www.youtube.com/watch?v_88idk1VJGU
94Gasoline ration coupons were printed for
emergency use (but never issued) during the
energy crisis in 1979. (1979) SourceUS
Department of Energy
95Photo White House Historical Society
96From the White House Historical Society
- Solar Panels on the White House during the Carter
administration - Jimmy Carter Library - In response to the economic crisis created by the
Arab oil embargo and the nation's growing
dependence on foreign oil, President Jimmy Carter
called for a comprehensive campaign to conserve
energy. He set an example during his
administration by promoting the use of solar
energy by installing solar heating panels on the
roof of the West Wing in 1977. They were removed
in the 1980s. - (American Solar Energy Society web site Boston
Globe 6/21/00)
97White House cabana showing flush-mount solar
water heating system (installed 2003) Photo
Evergreen Solar
98White House showing solar electrical
system. Photo Evergreen Solar
99How do Solar Cells Work? From Solar Power The
Facts, by Living Lakes
Solar cells are first cousins to transistors
and LEDs. The bottom layer of the solar cell has
a small quantity of boron in it to make it
positive, and the top layer of the cell has
phosphorous in it to make it negative. The
interface between these two layers creates an
electrical field and is called a junction. Light
consists of particles called photons. When light
hits a solar cell some of the photons are
absorbed, freeing electrons in the silicon
(electrons occur naturally in all materials.) If
the photons have enough energy when they hit the
top layer of the solar cell they are able to hit
the electrons hard enough to overcome the
electrical field at the junction allowing them to
move through the bottom layer of silicon into an
external, electrical circuit. As they flow
through the external circuit, they give up their
energy to the batteries or directly to the motor
before returning to the solar cell, completing
the electrical circuit.
100Diagram courtesy of Chimacum School District No.
49
101Sandia solar power plant, California
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103Peak load winter and summer. World Nuclear
Association
104Passive solar The passiv haus standard from
Germany
105Passive solar The Unity House, 2008
106- Solar power pros
- Very long life of panels (better than anything
else that makes power except a sustainably
managed biomass forest, ie a woodlot) - No toxic waste, no pollution (except from
manufacture) - Can site solar power stations in the desert,
transmit power over long distances - Solar roofs, solar paint -- each house can be its
own power station - Use electric cars -- solar charging stations
- Passive solar house design, little cost, great
benefits, great comfort (the German passiv haus
standard) - Cons
- High upfront cost (whats your discount rate),
price reducing rapidly since 2008 - Sun only shines between 2.5 and 7 hours a day in
temperate zone need storage system (heat mass,
batteries, pumped storage, hydropower,
net-metering) or peak demand management - Some toxic chemicals used in manufacture, and a
lot of heat energy - Not middle-eastern oil -- no international
conflict likely, no petrostate phenomenon
107http//www.youtube.com/watch?vvIXkB5nrEiY
108Ocean Renewable Energy101
109From Tidal Power Energy from the
Sea http//www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/tidal.h
tm
110La Rance Tidal Power Station (Image courtesy of
Popular Mechanics)
111Oscillating Water Column The Oscillating Water
Column generates electricity in a two step
process. As a wave enters the column, it forces
the air in the column up the closed column past a
turbine, and increases the pressure within the
column. As the wave retreats, the air is drawn
back past the turbine due to the reduced air
pressure on the ocean side of turbine. Murdoch
University, Australia
112WavegenLIMPET Oscillating water column
generator in Scotland
113Pelamis wave power prototype, Bay of Biscay
114Maines ocean renewable energy Projects Pictures
Colby College
115Hydropower 101
116Diagram of hydro-electric scheme Western Power
Corporation
117Hydropower The Hoover Dam From
www.greenenergyjobs.com/ images/hoover-dam
118Hydro dam signage Federal Energy Regulatory Agency
119Used with permission, Maine Atlantic Salmon
Commission
120DC hydropower generator from original 1920s
factory plant, Dearborn, MI Henry Fords pride
and joy, two of these served 2,000 households as
well as the car factory Ford Museum photo
121Powerhouse generator bay, Grand Coulee dam, U of
Iowa photo
122Small scale hydropower in Nepal Pelton Wheel
turbine http//www.geocities.com/dieret/re/Hydro/h
ydro.html
123Pumped storage Racoon Mountain, TVA (Wikipedia)
124Pumped storage Racoon Mountain, TVA (Wikipedia)
125 The upper reservoir (Llyn Stwlan) and dam of the
Ffestiniog Pumped Storage Scheme in north Wales.
The four water turbines at the power station can
generate 360 MW of electricity within 60 seconds
of the need arising.Taken by Adrian Pingstone in
1988 and released to the public domain.
126Biomass and biofuels 101
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128Modular biopower system. 15 kWe system to power
80 homes in the village of Alaminos in the
Philippines using coconut shells as the
fuel. http//www.gocpc.com/Images2/image20page.ht
m
129The Sunpower EG-1000 Stirling Engine/Generator El
ectrical energy from woodchips Sunpower Inc.
130US Federal Govt. Picture
131McNiel Biomass Powerplant, Vermont US Federal
Govt. Picture
132Geothermal Power 101
133Geothermal energy makes itself apparent in
Iceland Baker Hughes Inc (drilling company)
134Source BanJam Travel Pictures
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136Geothermal heat pumps for household use Either
using open loop wells or closed loop
coils Pictures US and Australian governments
137Renewable Energy
- Wind, solar, ocean, hydropower, biomass,
geothermal
138AlsoImproved or Enhanced Conventional Energy
- Clean coal, nuclear, fuel cells, shale gas,
gas hydrates
139Peak load winter and summer. World Nuclear
Association
140New slide goes here
- From NEWEEP webinar, after Nov 9th
141Clean Coal 101 Improvements to combustion
142Power Generation Thermal EfficiencyRemember the
Laws of Thermodynamics 1) Energy can be neither
created nor destroyed, and 2) No energy transfer
is 100 efficient
- Fuel Thermal efficiency CO2e factor
- Conventional coal 35-40 23
- Conventional oil 35-40 19
- Natural gas 35-40 12
- Coal combined cycle 50-55 15
- Coal co-generation 80-90 12
- Oil and gas
- Cogeneration 80-90 8-12
- (However, theres still mercury and acid rain
pollution)
143Clean Coal technologies
- Scrubbing
- Fluidized bed combustion
- Integrated gasification combined cycle
- Sequestration or CCS
- Combination of fluidized bed or IGCC with
scrubbing and sequestration
144Clean Coal 101 Fluidization and improvements to
scrubbing
145Slide Gladstone Center for Clean Coal
146Clean Coal 101 Scale of US deposits
147Shale Gas and Oil
- Methane and Oil
- Geological deposits
- Pennsylvania, Colorado (Blackpool, UK?)
- Drilling, mining
- Carbon energy form
148http//www.youtube.com/watch?vpR-SeU6HfyE
149Liquified Natural Gas
- A bridge technology
- Controversial in Maine
- More controversial as oil prices rise
150Natural gas production UK, Norway and
Khazakhstan BG Group photo
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152An LNG Terminal in Your Backyard?
Several major oil companies are seeking to lease
or purchase all or part of Sears Island, at
Searsport, Maine. We feel that such a plant would
be detrimental to the quality of life and to the
safety and economic welfare of the people who
live along the coast of Maine. In light of
international events since 9/11, no company can
assure us that any LNG storage facility or tanker
would be "safe." Economic development for
Searsport needs to include a plan for sustainable
development.not a terminal with a maximum life
span of 50 years. Friends of Sears Island
153Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
154Gas Hydrates
- Methane
- Geological deposits
- Ocean shelves
- Drilling, dredging
- Carbon energy form
155NOAA Ocean Explorer Program
156Gas hydrate resources in peta-tonnes
157Remember
- Stabilization wedges
- Energy efficiency
- Methane management
- Decarbonized electricity
- Decarbonized fuels
- Decarbonized transportation (electric cars, etc)
- Nukes
- Forests and soils
158Wedge 4 Nuclear Power
159- Nuclear Power Issues
- Power
- Waste
- Cost
- NIMBY
160University of Michigan Ford Reactor core
161Chernobyl, Ukraine, after the meltdown Source www
atomicarchive. com
162 From Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) Fig.
1 The distribution of Iodine-131 from the
Chernobyl nuclear accident. The figure depicts
the radioactivity field in Bq/kg at 850 mb. level
on 00 UST, May 12, 1986, approximately 384 hours
after the reactor explosion (the further details
are discussed by Pudykiewicz, 1989)
163Three Mile Island nuclear plant, PA Source
www.atomicarchive.com
164Three Mile Island nuclear plant, PA The damaged
core and radiation map Sources www.ceet.niu.edu/
faculty/vanmeer/nuc1.htm, and Kevin Briggs,
United States Disaster Preparedness Institute
165Kevin Briggs, United States Disaster Preparedness
Institute
166Davistown Museum photo Maine Yankee Nuclear
Power Plant
167Maine Yankee being decommissioned. NYT photo
168 Mini nuclear plants to power 20,000 homes 13m
shed-size reactors will be delivered by
lorry Nuclear power plants smaller than a garden
shed and able to power 20,000 homes will be on
sale within five years, say scientists at Los
Alamos, the US government laboratory which
developed the first atomic bomb. The miniature
reactors will be factory-sealed, contain no
weapons-grade material, have no moving parts and
will be nearly impossible to steal because they
will be encased in concrete and buried
underground. The US government has licensed the
technology to Hyperion, a New Mexico-based
company which said last week that it has taken
its first firm orders and plans to start mass
production within five years. 'Our goal is to
generate electricity for 10 cents a watt anywhere
in the world,' said John Deal, chief executive of
Hyperion. 'They will cost approximately 25m
13m each. For a community with 10,000
households, that is a very affordable 250 per
home. Jon Vidal and Nick Rosen, for The Observer
Hyperion small scale nukes. Los Alamos lab diagram
169From Wikipedia Although it is currently (2010)
uneconomic,1 a fast neutron reactor can reduce
the total radiotoxicity of nuclear waste, and
dramatically reduce the waste's lifetime.2
using all or almost all of the fuel in the waste.
Fast neutrons have an advantage in the
transmutation of nuclear waste. With fast
neutrons, the ratio between splitting and the
capture of neutrons of plutonium or minor
actinide is often larger than when the neutrons
are slower, at thermal or near-thermal
"epithermal" speeds. The transmuted odd-numbered
actinides (e.g. from Pu-240 to Pu-241) split more
easily. After they split, the actinides become a
pair of "fission products." These elements have
less total radiotoxicity. Since fission products
have a maximum half life of 27 years,3 the
result is to reduce nuclear waste lifetimes from
tens of millennia (from transuranic isotopes) to
a few centuries. The processes are not perfect,
but the remaining transuranics are reduced from a
significant problem to a tiny percentage of the
total waste, because any larger amounts can be
used as fuel. Fast reactors technically solve the
"fuel shortage" argument against uranium-fueled
reactors without assuming unexplored reserves, or
extraction from dilute sources such as ordinary
granite or the ocean. They permit nuclear fuels
to be bred from almost all the actinides,
including known, abundant sources of depleted
uranium and Thorium, and light water reactor
wastes. On average, more neutrons per fission are
produced from fissions caused by fast neutrons
than from those caused by thermal neutrons. This
results in a larger surplus of neutrons beyond
those required to sustain the chain reaction.
These neutrons can be used to produce extra fuel,
or to transmute long half-life waste to less
troublesome isotopes, such as was done at the
Phénix reactor in Marcoule in France, or some can
be used for each purpose. Though conventional
thermal reactors also produce excess neutrons,
fast reactors can produce enough of them to breed
more fuel than they consume. Such designs are
known as fast breeder reactors. The fast reactor
doesn't just transmute the inconvenient
even-numbered transuranic elements (notably
Pu-240 and u-238). It transmutes them, and then
fissions them for power, so that they these
former wastes would actually become valuable.
Fast Reactors Still dangerous, less waste
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171Remember
- Stabilization wedges
- Energy efficiency
- Methane management
- Decarbonized electricity
- Decarbonized fuels
- Decarbonized transportation (electric cars, etc)
- Nukes
- Forests and soils
172Wedges 5 and 6 Decarbonized Fuels and
Transportation
- Fuel cell vehicles, battery EVs, hybrid EVs,
- plug-in hybrids, compressed air vehicles, etc, etc
173Hydrogen Fuel Cells(and all other EV energy
storage systems, such as batteries or compressed
air)
- Pollution-free if hydrogen feedstock is
pollution-free - Hydrogen electrolysis
- Methane conversion
- Retail hydrogen storage
174Fuel Cell technology from Ballard Power
175Fuel Cell technology from Ballard Power
176Fuel cell engine US government photo
177Chevrolet Volt http//www.youtube.com/watch?vdVk
_j7dqcCY Hybrid trucks http//www.youtube.com/wa
tch?vfpOuzW75O0Q
178Kenworth hybrid-electric truck
179- Tiger all-electric utility truck
180- CityCat
- Compressed air car
181Remember
- Stabilization wedges
- Energy efficiency
- Methane management
- Decarbonized electricity
- Decarbonized fuels
- Decarbonized transportation (electric cars, etc)
- Nukes
- Forests and soils
182Wedge 7 Forest and Soil Management
183Permafrost researcher Sergei Zimov flares methane
from anaerobic decomposition of permafrost
soils. Unfortunately, theres plenty more where
this comes from
184Erosion from warming reveals soil cliffs
containing millennia of organic matter mammoth
bones, dung and hair, bison bones, vegetation. As
this melts it decomposes, creating very stinky
summers, but also releasing methane. Zimov uses a
tank to help reduce forest advance which
accelerates melting Sergei Zimov photo
185Leaf area index a tool to understand soils and
forest management in climate change http//www.c
crs.nrcan.gc.ca/optic/coarse/bio/images/lai_e.gif
186Other forest and soils management priorities
- Forests
- Eastern forest re-growth a bright spot
- Tropical deforestation pay-to-protect
- Western forest management -- end of
clear-cutting? - Soils
- Biochar
- No-till
- Organic, and aerobic compost
187NASA Earth Observatory Image
188Partition of Anthropogenic Carbon Emissions into
Sinks
2000-2006
45 of all CO2 emissions accumulated in the
atmosphere
Atmosphere
The Airborne Fraction
The fraction of the annual anthropogenic
emissions that remains in the atmosphere
55 were removed by natural sinks
Land removes _ 30
Ocean removes _ 24
Canadell et al. 2007, PNAS
189NASA Earth Observatory Image
190Drought Effects on the Mid-Latitude Carbon Sinks
A number of major droughts in mid-latitudes have
contributed to the weakening of the growth rate
of terrestrial carbon sinks in these regions.
Angert et al. 2005, PNAS Buermann et al. 2007,
PNAS Ciais et al. 2005, Science
191Attribution of Recent Acceleration of Atmospheric
CO2
1970 1979 1.3 ppm y-1 1980 1989 1.6 ppm
y1 1990 1999 1.5 ppm y-1
- To
- Economic growth
- Carbon intensity
- Efficiency of natural sinks
2000 - 2006 1.9 ppm y-1
65 - Increased activity of the global economy
17 - Deterioration of the carbon intensity of
the global economy
18 - Decreased efficiency of natural sinks
Canadell et al. 2007, PNAS
192Remember
- Stabilization wedges
- Energy efficiency
- Methane management
- Decarbonized electricity
- Decarbonized fuels
- Decarbonized transportation (electric cars, etc)
- Nukes
- Forests and soils
193Hubbert Peaks and Hoteling Rule
- M. King Hubbert Petroleum Geologist
- Harold Hotelling Conservative Economist
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195Remember
- Stabilization wedges
- Energy efficiency
- Methane management
- Decarbonized electricity
- Decarbonized fuels
- Decarbonized transportation (electric cars, etc)
- Nukes
- Forests and soils
196The triangle can be filled by a portfolio of 7
wedges
Each wedge accounts for 1 GtC/yr in 2055
Methane Management
Energy Efficiency
Forests Soils
14 GtC/y
Fuel Displacement by Low-Carbon Electricity
Stabilization
Decarbonized Electricity
Triangle
7 GtC/y
2055
2005
2005
2004
2054
Decarbonized Fuels
This particular set of wedges is only
illustra-tive, not prescriptive.
197Data Colin Campbell, PhD. Graphic
www.hubbertpeak.com
198Data Colin Campbell, PhD. Graphic
www.hubbertpeak.com
199This energy chart, produced by the Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory shows, at left, the
different sources of energy and the amounts
produced in the United States. At right, the pink
boxes show where energy was consumed, while the
shades of gray depict the amount of energy lost
or rejected, often through heat loss. Energy use
in the U.S. dropped nearly 5 percent from 2008 to
2009, with renewable sources of energy
particularly wind power showing significant
growth.