Academic Integrity and proper citation

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Academic Integrityand proper citation
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Plagiarism

• Types of plagiarism
• Failure to cite borrowed ideas.
• Failure to cite quotations of others work.
• Paraphrasing too closely, especially long
  passages or multiple paragraphs.
• Self plagiarism.

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Borrowed ideas

• Did you get an idea directly from a source?
• Cite it.
• Example
• Author claims that the French Revolution was
  caused by the Monarchys massive debts.
• The author did the research, give the author
  credit.

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• Did you get an idea indirectly from a source?
• Example
• The French Monarchy lost power due to its massive
  debts (Authors Idea). This power vacuum allowed
  the middle class to rise in political prominence.
  (Your idea).
• Cite the Authors idea. Dont cite your idea.
• Good practice establish your facts with solid
  sources, cite them, then provide your
  interpretation of what those facts indicate.

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Citing quotations

• Are you using a direct quote from someone else?
• Put it between quotation marks and cite it.
• Easy, isnt it?

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Three or more words

• What constitutes a quote
• Technically taking three or more words in a row
  from your source material.
• So, taking the phrase uncertain political
  climate from your source without putting it
  quotes is plagiarism.
• But in practice, youll never be called on In
  other words or The next year or any other
  extremely common string of words.

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One-word plagiarism

• Exception to the three-word rule Presenting
  someone elses new term or phrase as your own
  invention.
• This new form of civil disobedience, which Ill
  call ecoterrorism, took many forms
• Better This new form of civil disobedience,
  which Jane Robbins dubbed ecoterrorism, took
  many forms.

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Good Quoting

• Good practice quote only the quotable.
• Is it interesting that American Revolutionary
  Patrick Henry said Give Me Liberty or Give Me
  Death!
• Yes.
• Is it interesting that Robert Reich, Secretary of
  Labor during the Clinton administration, said
  that the Employment rate increased 1.3 in the
  second quarter of 1994?
• No.
• The fact might be interesting, or relevant to
  your point, but theres little reason for the
  exact quote.

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Online Resources for Plagiarists

• Any relevant article on the internet.
• Term-paper sites offer a variety of papers on
  different subjects.
• Some require payment
• Some make money on advertising revenue, or by
  collecting email addresses to resell elsewhere

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Online resources for Instructors

• Anti-plagiarism websites and software
  (www.turnitin.com and others)
• Collect frequently-used online term papers and
  compares them to submitted student papers
• Collects submitted student-written papers for a
  given class and compares them to other students
  papers.
• Easiest method google search engine one
  unusual phrase
• Students who plagiarize dont usually dig deep
  for their source material.

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Medicaments

• The use of medicaments in professional sports
• Medicaments a term for medicines or
  pharmaceuticals. Used widely in the early and
  mid 1800s, but outdated by 1880-1890.
• Occasionally still in use among students of
  English as a foreign language, particularly in
  schools in India and the Middle East.
• My personal record identified plagiarism four
  words into a paper.

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Figures, Illustrations, Photos.

• Did you draw the illustration, plot the graph, or
  take the photo?
• No?
• Cite it.
• If you dont cite it, the reader will assume you
  created it yourself.
• (Note if you make the graph but found the data
  elsewhere, cite the source of the data)

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Simultaneous discovery

• Simultaneous discovery
• If you generate your own idea about a subject,
  and the idea is nearly identical to a source you
  havent read yet, you arent obligated to cite
  it.
• This can be hard to distinguish from genuine
  plagiarism.

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Unintentional Plagiarism

• Comes from
• Paraphrasing sources, then editing and
  accidentally changing it to something too close
  to the original.
• Forgetting to note the source of an idea or quote
  youve found, and then forgetting it was your
  own.
• It can be difficult or impossible to prove this
  mistake was accidental.

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Self plagiarism

• How can you plagiarize yourself?
• By turning in the same paper to two different
  classes.
• Note not all instructors consider this
  plagiarism.
• (For instance, I dont)
• Always ask first.
• Also your TAs and your instructors can have
  different ideas about what constitutes plagiarism.

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General Knowledge

• You do not need to cite general knowledge.
• Whats general knowledge?
• Force equals mass times acceleration.
• Romeo and Juliet was written by William
  Shakespeare.
• The United States of America declared its
  independence in 1776.

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• Is this general information?
• Human and chimpanzee DNA are 99 identical.
• A wide variety of mental illnesses are mislabeled
  as Schizophrenia.
• Roosevelt knew about the impending Pearl Harbor
  attack days before December 7th, 1941.
• Note as you advance in a field, whats
  considered General Knowledge can change.
• When in any doubt, though, cite.
• Youll never get in trouble for over-citing.

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Outside Academia

• Plagiarism is a purely academic crime.
• It isnt, in fact, a crime either criminal or
  civil.
• But its a violation of academic ethics and you
  can be punished for it.
• By attending a school, you agree to the school
  policies whether or not youve read them.
• Outside academia, its still a good idea to give
  credit where its due.

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Proper Citations

• Step one pick a style guide.
• Any style guide is better than no style guide.
• Saves time.
• Prevents stylistic inconsistencies.
• Your instructor will notice.
• Some instructors may insist on a specific style
  guide. (Not such a frequent issue at the
  undergraduate level.)

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Style Guides

• Dictate whether
• Are books and movies underlined? In Italics?
• Do I center justify text? Left justify only?
• July 19, 1969? or Jul. 19, 1969 or 19 Jul
  1969? or 7/19/69?...
• Do I write 5 or five? If its five, do I
  spell out 14,768?
• Most importantly how do I cite my sources?

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Style Guides

• General interest Chicago Manual of Style
• Arts and Humanities MLA (Modern Language
  Association)
• Chemistry ACS (American Chemical Society)
• Engineering IEEE (Institute of Electrical and
  Electronics Engineers)
• Social Sciences APA (American Psychological
  Association)
• Note Sociology, while also a Social Science, has
  its own style ASA (American Sociological
  Association)
• Many, many others.

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Simple, One-Author Book Citation

• MLA Last name, first name. Underlined Title.
  Place of publication publisher, date of
  publication.
• Kerouac, Jack. Atop an Underwood. New York
  Penguin, 2000.
• APA Last name, authors initial (date of
  publication). Italicized Title. Place of
  publications, publisher.
• Kerouac, J. (2000). Atop an Underwood. New York
  Penguin.

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Citing Electronic Sources

• Check your style guide for specifics.
• Typically includes
• Name of the author (if given)
• Site title
• Names of any editors
• Date of publication or last update
• Date of access
• The URL

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• Examples
• Peterson, Susan Lynn. The Life of Martin Luther,
  1999, Accessed Jan 7, 2003. http//pweb.netcom.co
  m/supeters/luther.htm
• United States, Environmental Protection Agency.
  Values and Functions of Wetlands., May 25, 1999.
  Accessed March 24, 2001. http//www.epa.gov-owow/
  wetlands/facts/fact2.html
• (Examples taken from A Pocket Style Guide, Fourth
  Edition, Diana Hacker 2004)

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Other forms of citation

• Citing interviews
• Citing multiple or unknown authors
• Citing a musical composition
• Citing a pamphlet
• Citing a personal letter
• Instructors note if its a type of information
  source, youre probably not the first one to
  discover it.
• Its faster to look it up than to invent your own
  mode of citation.