Guests 2

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Guests 2

• Tara, Laura, Kate, Sarah, Jennifer,
• Veronica

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Motivation

• The key to understanding tourism and tourist
  behaviour is understanding what motivates
  tourists to travel

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Motivation

• 2 main motivation forces - (Dann)
• Pull (External) factors- inspired by a
  destinations attractiveness, e.g.cultural
  attractions/beaches
• Push (Internal) factors- desire to escape, rest,
  experience social interaction

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Theories on what are key motivators for travel

• Tourists seek authentic experiences since the
  normative aspects of their lives are felt to be
  superficial, artificial or contrived
  (MacCannell)- Quest for the Authentic Other
• Tourists are looking for something different and
  unusual, a relatively simple search for the
  pleasure of the new and surprising (Urry) - Quest
  for the Other
• Search for self-actualisation (Selwyn) - Quest
  for the authentic self

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Theories on what are key motivators for travel

• (1)Traveller is motivated by going away from
  rather than going towards something/somebody
• (2) Travellers motives and behaviours are
  self-orientated- Now I decide what is on and it
  should be good for me - KING GUEST syndrome,
  more concerned with the Self and experiencing
  other cultures plays a subordinate role
  (Krippendorf)

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• What motivates you to travel?

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Questioning Motivation Theory

• Motives are difficult to measure A
  reiteration of reasons featuring in travel
  brochures areready made and easy to tick off on
  a questionnaire Many motives remain hidden in
  the subconsciousness and cannot be brought to
  light by simple questions Individuals
  motivations change across time so tourists will
  undertake different types of travel experiences
  (Pearce)

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Questioning Motivation Theory

• The emergence of holidays as lifestyle
  statements is increasing and may not reflect the
  individuals real motivation for travelling
  Features that attract tourist to a site can be
  considered motivations, but when acted upon
  become activities (Moscardo et al)

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Understanding Tourist Motivation

• It is important to recognise the
  heterogeneous nature of tourist motivation
  (individuals may have multiple motivations) In
  order to do so tourist typologies - a method of
  sociological investigation that seeks to classify
  tourists according to a particular phenomenon
  (motivation or behaviour) It is also used as a
  tool to understand the socio-cultural impacts of
  tourism and is Useful for product development
  and marketing

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Tourist Typologies- Cohen

• Institutionalized tourism (organized mass
  tourist/individual mass tourism) and non-
  institutionalized (explorer/drifter) Based on
  similar observable behaviours, useful in
  understanding the impacts/effects of tourism
  Static tourism roles, meaningless in todays
  postmodern society, e.g. try and apply Cohens
  typology to contemporary travellers
  (Westerhausen)

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Tourist Typologies - Plogg

• Motivation Plogg- The psychocentric type
  and the allocentric type(people categorised
  according to life-style, self-image, attitudes
  towards life) Links travel motivations to types
  of destinations Criticism- tourists may not
  choose a destination but a holiday type e.g. gay
  holidays

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Tourist Typologies questioned

• The field of tourism has suffered because
  various scholars have embraced shallow and
  counterproductive typologies. Do they (the
  typologies) explain tourists recreative
  behaviour, or are they, rather, a creation of the
  author ? (Lowych, van Langenhave and Bollaert)

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Tourist typologies questioned

• Tourists motivations and activities are too
  complex to collapse into rigid categories Lack
  of extensive case studies, questionnaires (form
  of gathering typology data) is problematic
  Traveller himself is a mixture of many
  characteristics and cannot be assigned this
  category of that one (Krippendorf)

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Conclusions on Motivation

• The one unchanged motive for many years has
  been mental hygiene(Krippendorf)
• Long list of motives contradictions nature
  of tourism, a scintilling and multi-faceted part
  of human and social reality
• Tourists will continue to use consumerism as a
  channel of personal transformation

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Predictions for future travel motivations

• Shift towards more active holidays Shift
  towards more responsible holidays Increasing
  interest in specific interest holidays
  Increase in lifestyle statement holidays
  Increase in modern travellers

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Rites of Passage

• Separation initial removal from society or
  ordinary life
• Liminality period of marginality
• Incorporation re-entry into society
• (van Gennep)

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Rites of Passage

• Social Rites of Passage
• childhood adulthood
• unmarried married
• wife widow
• Tourist Rites of Passage
• subjective? Individual?

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Rites of Passage

• Checklist
• Summer Camp
• Camping/Nature (May 24 weekend)
• Spring Break
• Grand Tour of Europe
• Study/Work Abroad
• Las Vegas, New York
• Disneyworld
• Snowbird retirement

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Pilgrimage

• Pilgrimage may be defined as travel to sacred
  places undertaken in order to gain spiritual
  merit or healing or as an act of penance or
  thanksgiving
• (Burns Hoggart)

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Pilgrimage

• Religious pilgrimages churches, cathedrals,
  mosques temples (eg. Vatican,
  Mecca, Kibbutz)
• Trophy pilgrimage Europe Paris Louvre Mona
  Lisa (MacCannell)
• Genealogical pilgrimage return to the home of
  ones ancestors

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The Tourist Gaze
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• John Urry (1990) Sociologist
• Part of the tourism experience is to gaze upon or
  view different scenes, which are out of the
  ordinary
• We gaze at what we encounter
• This gaze is socially organised and systemised
  (theory adapted from Foucoults work)
• Urry writes on how the tourist gaze has changed
  and developed, the processes by which it is
  reinforced, and considers who or what authorises
  it and what are the consequences for the places
  and people which are its object.
• there is no single gaze as such. It varies by
  society, by social group and by historical
  period.
• The Tourist Gaze is constructed

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• Urry describes
• - Romantic Gaze individual encounter with
  place visited
• - Collective Gaze togetherness in visiting
• Romantic Gaze in opposition with Collective Gaze
  paradoxical because as more people seek the
  untouched destination the more it then comes
  under the Collective Gaze
• Media produces, conditions the tourist gaze
  e.g. wildlife programs, marketing
• There are many professional experts who help to
  construct and develop our gaze as tourists.
  Places are chosen to be gazed upon anticipation
  is constructed and sustained e.g. TV, magazines
  (but who chooses what and how this takes place)

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• The Gaze turns landscape and people encountered
  into objects of aesthetic pleasure. Some argue
  that this is done through visual possession.
• Cameras capture the gaze and can separate some
  tourists from locals. They are providing a
  spectacle for visual capture and consumption
  (even if it is unintentional).
• Appropriate the object of the photo. Nature,
  environments and people are transformed into
  objects that are passed on.

The Gaze is distinguished by signifiers,
semiotics and symbolic icons like Big Ben, Eiffel
tower which are endlessly reproduced and
consumed. Gaze is constructed through signs and
tourism involves collection of signs
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• Dynamic Text and Tourist Gaze Andrew McGregor
  2000
• McGregor examined the way in which guidebooks
  lead to a commoditized experience and gaze, and
  the power that text has over the tourist
  perceptions and experience in Tana Toraja in
  Sulawesi.
• Guidebooks as tutoring tourists to gaze at
  aspects of a place either comparatively,
  enthusiastically or with disinterest in order to
  realise an authentic exotic Other.
• The tourists realise images they go to see
  authenticity can be irrelevant in terms of
  satisfaction
• Tourists becoming permanent parts of the
  landscape, and therefore influencing how tourism
  objects are reworked to fit the gaze.
• Influence of text on gazes. Creates a
  standardised image of what to expect. How it
  affects where travellers go and what travellers
  do within a destination.

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• Found that whilst search for difference is
  integral to the entire experience, in Tana Toraja
  it was found that the guidebook selects what
  aspects of the destination will be focused on as
  different.
• Tourists gazed upon different sites in different
  ways depending upon the amount and type of prior
  information they had been exposed to.
• the known
• the imagined
• the unknown
• the unseen
• Found that the Gaze can be heavily structured by
  texts
• BUT
• Based on 55 interviews and carried out in
  English, with predominantly European tourists

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Different views of Victoria Falls wow thats so
postcard visitor seeing Victoria falls (quoted
Osborne 200079)
Tourist landscapes are consumed by the tourist's
who gaze upon them
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A different view of Vic Falls
Some tour operators are like surrogate parents
restrict tourists to certain approved objects to
gaze at. Paradoxically the pursuit of exotic
and diverse ends in uniformity.
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• Dahles work on Amsterdam
• Canal tours present an image of Amsterdam in
  front of a global audience - constructed gaze
  route takes in distinct objects that invoke a
  sense of Amsterdam
• People are told what to gaze at, when and where
  to look. View from boat is the Citys public
  face. Symbolically simple and adorned with
  stereotypical features.
• Private face walking tours from within.
• Profitable tourist gazes, such gazes are not left
  to chance. (MaCannell)
• Constructed a gaze of the townscape in their own
  narrative style.

Canal Boat Tours
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• Considerations
• Cant portray tourists as one homogenous group
  too simplistic
• Cohen (1979) has suggested that the desire for
  authenticity has influenced tourists to the point
  that when they gaze on places they mentally try
  to separate the authentic from the inauthentic.
• Globalisation of tourist gaze enables comparison
  of environments. Undergoing a universalization of
  the tourist gaze
• For Urry - widespread and colonising tourist gaze
  has the effect of transforming environments, many
  of which are reconstructed for visual consumption

• Western grand narrative, whose values structure
  the discourse - silencing of the Other  - What
  about domestic tourism?
• Stresses the importance of visual consumption and
  sees the gaze as the most important tourist
  activity

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Burns allows for systematic study of tourist
motivation from a social science perspective but
fails to address the tourists that deliberately
seek out the familiar
Other Factors Holiday experiences are physical
and not merely visual Too static and passive
Looks can deceive, there are things unseen and
unsaid People work in the knowledge that they
are in the Tourist Gaze
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Performance

• Authenticity is not a fixed property it is a
  negotiated attribute with multiple dimensions
  whose status is evaluated by different assessors
  (Handler Saxton)
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• The Bamboo Beating Dance in Hainan, China (Xie
  2003)
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• Senegalese Dance Performances in Dakar (Daniel
  1996)
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• Tourist involvement leads to creativity
•  
• If the tourists are satisfied is it all that
  matters?

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AuthenticityPart 2

• Pre Departure

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Authenticity

• Marketing tool
• Tourist myth
• Experience a different way of life
• White beaches, palm trees
• Undiscovered places

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Authenticity

• Danns study
• 4 types of paradise
• Paradise Contrived no people natives as
  scenery natives as cultural markers
• Paradise Confined tourists only tourist
  ghetto
• Paradise Controlled limited contact with
  locals natives as servants, natives as
  entertainers, natives as vendors
• Paradise Confused further contact with locals,
  attempt to enter locals only zones natives as
  seducers, natives as intermediaries, natives as
  familiar, natives as tourists, tourists as
  natives.
• -Dann 1996

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Kuoni example

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Thomas Cook examples
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First Choice example
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Modernism Postmodernism

• Modernism conceives of representations as being
  problematic, whereas postmodernism problematises
  reality (Urry, 1990, 13)

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• Characteristics of Modernism and Postmodernism
• How does this shift change how we look at tourism
• Example- authenticity in tourism

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The Santa Claus Industry commodification of
Christmas
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Why do people visit such sites?
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Tourism

• Tourism is not isolated from political,
  natural, economic or social environments
• A complex set of social phenomena
• A system or a set of subsystems- connected with
  society and culture

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Tourism and Anthropology

• Tourism and anthropology both seek to
  identify and make sense of human dynamics-
  host/guest interaction at the heart of tourism
  This human interaction, not business and
  marketing, is the key factor in tourisms many
  paradoxes important link between tourism and
  anthropology Tourism is a global set of
  activities crossing many cultures, there is a
  need for deeper understanding of the consequences
  of the interaction between generating and
  receiving tourism societies (Burns and Holden)

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Tourism and Anthropology

• Tourism viewed as a ritual                     
       
• Vs
• Tourism viewed as a form of imperialism

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Anthropology and tourism questioned

• Tourism has to too many motivations to and is
  too complex to be categorised Too much work on
  the anthropology of tourism lacks empirical
  (research) grounding Reflects the white middle
  class views of authors rather that scientific
  evidence