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UN Convention and Kioto ProtocolBali, 9
December 2007

• Ana Belén Sánchez
• Energy and climate change

15/02/2012
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The beginning

• First, it was a scientific issue (1960-1970)
• Secondly, it gets a public issue
• Finally, it becomes in a political issue, must be
  discussed appear the Convention
• There is always something to take into account in
  the process Although we could reduce the
  emissions, the atmospheric concentration of GHG
  will continue increase some centuries more
  Increase of the world temperature anyway.

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Scientific analysis, 1960-1970

• Decade 1960-1970
• Conclusions the atmospheric CO2 concentrations
  was producing an increase of the global world
  temperature in the planet (greenhouse effect)
• These emissions were a result of the humanity
  activity, specially because of the use of energy.
• Consequences more frequency and gravity of the
  extreme climate effects hot and cold waves,
  droughts and floods, biodiversity looses

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It becomes a public-political issue, 1988

• In 1980 the governments decided it is a
  difficult question and must be broached for an
  independent institution
• In 1988 it is created the IPCC, under UNEP and
  the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
• Aim study why its produced this climate change
  effect, which are its environmental and
  socioeconomics effects and present some solutions
  to the problem
• IPCC doesnt do any research These scientifics
  analyze other studies already published
• And finally, provide information to governments
  and policy makers.

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IPCC First report, 1990

• In 1990 is published the first IPCC report
• Principal conclusions the human activities and
  their emissions had produced a huge quantity of
  greenhouse gases emissions
• The CO2 is almost the half of the whole gasses
• The consequences will be huge along the whole
  planet
• And its a growing problem, unless we act soon,
  there will be some kind of effects which will do
  impossible to adapt to.
• Finally, we should reduce at least 60 of the GHG
  emissions to avoid it!!
• Now, There are three more reports

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The 4th assessment report (main findings)

• The human activities are responsible of the
  climate change effect
• How will be the future? If the countries take
  actions to reduce the GHG emissions, there will
  be a peak in the next 10-15 years and later the
  emissions should declance to a 85 of the 1990
  levels (in 2050)
• With the current technologies its possible to
  achieve it! We dont have to wait to develop some
  others new

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Political negotiation, 1990

• As a consequence of the first IPCC report at the
  end of 1990s it was created the
  Intergovernmental Committee to negotiate a
  Convention about climate changes issues
• But the negotiation is very difficult because the
  needed changes to solve the problem meant drastic
  changes in the current economies of all countries
  and it was needed the implementation of unpopular
  measures
• Those changes would affected energy sector,
  transport, industrial, agricultural and forestry
  the whole economy

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Differences between countries

• The most difficult problem the countries which
  must achieve a solution had a very different
  economies
• Developed countries didnt want their economies
  to be stopped and developing countries didnt
  want have limits to their development and
  insisted that it was a problem created by the
  developing countries!
• Finally principle of common but differentiated
  responsibilities

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UNFCCC, United Nation Framework Convention on
Climate Change, 1994

• In 1992 is written and accepted. It is offered to
  sign in at the Rio Earth Summit
• In 1994 entered into force. Now there are189
  parties.
• Objective To control the atmosphere
  concentrations of GHG in a level to avoid
  dangerous interferences with the humanity
• And that must happen in a period of time enough
  to allow the adaptation

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Included gases

• CO2 Carbon Dioxide
• CH4 Methane
• N2O Nitrous Oxide
• HFCs Hydrofluocarbons
• PFCs Perfluorinated hydrocarbons
• SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride
• Resources energy sector, including transport,
  housing sector, agricultural, deforestation some
  kinds of industrial process.

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Parties (countries) forming the Convention

• Annex I developed countries obligatory
  commitments to reduce their emissions
• Annex II The 24 highly developed countries, In
  addition to reducing their emissions, are also
  required to financially support the effort of the
  developing countries.
• With transition economies Most countries in
  Eastern Europe and ex URSS
• Non Annex I developing countries. They have
  general commitments to respond to climate change,
  with fewer specific commitments (give information
  about their steps taken, mainly)

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Subsidiary Bodies, COP, MOP,

• There is an annual meeting between parties, named
  Conference of the Parties (COP) and MOP (Meeting
  of Parties) for the Kioto Protocol
• The convention and KP is supported for two
  subsidiary bodies
• Subsidiary body for Scientific and Technological
  Advise (SBSTA)
• Subsidiary Body of Implementation (SBI)
• The subsidiary bodies have two annual meeting,
  one in the COP and the other around May

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Decisions making process for UNFCCC bodies
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COPs

• COP 1 Berlin (Germany) 1995
• COP 2 Geneva (Switzerland) 1996
• COP 3 Kyoto (Japan) 1997
• COP 4 Buenos Aires (Argentina) 1998
• COP 5 Bonn (Germany) 1999
• COP 6 The Hague (Netherlands) and Bonn (Germany)
  2000
• COP 7 Marrakech (Morocco) 2001
• COP 8 New Delhi (India) 2002
• COP 9 Milan (Italy) 2003
• COP 10 Buenos Aires (Argentina) 2004
• COP 11/ MOP 1 Montreal (Canada) 2005
• COP 12/ MOP 2 Nairobi (Kenya) 2006
• COP13/MOP 3 Bali (Indonesia) 2007

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Kyoto Protocol

• In 1997, in COP3, in Kyoto, after three years of
  negotiations, the Convention adopts a Protocol
  an international agreement that stands on its own
  but is linked to an existing treaty.
• The Protocol establishes stronger commitments
  than the Convention, and more complex details.
  There is a first commitment period (2008-12) in
  which the developed countries must reduce their
  emissions at least 5 from theirs in 1990
• It entered into force in 2001 after more than 55
  countries, with more than 55 of the total
  emissions, had ratified it.
• USA, although it was involved in its development
  hasn't ratified it.
• Australia decided to signed it recently

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Kyoto Protocol cont.

• Its the second step after the Convention
• It sets legally binding targets and timetables
  for cutting developed country emissions
• It highlights effective domestic policies and
  measures for reducing emissions
• The Protocol encourages governments to work
  together
• KP assigns a national target to each country
• There are three flexible mechanisms emissions
  trading, clean development mechanism (CDM) and
  Join Implementation (JI)

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Flexible Mechanisms

• Emission Trading Scheme, allow industrialized
  countries to buy and sell emissions among
  themselves
• CDM Clean Developed Mechanism, provide credit
  (CERs) for financing emissions- reducing or
  emissions-avoiding project in developing
  countries.
• JI Joint Implementation, offer emission
  reduction units for financing projects in other
  developed countries, with economies in transition

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Reductions commitments
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Challenges

• To achieve bigger reductions of GHG emissions
• To continue advancing in the scientific knowledge
• To enhance the public support to the adaptation
  and mitigation measures
• It is necessary continuing the path that the KP
  has began, not only to reduce emissions but to
  achieve a sustainable development along the world.

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Challenges for the future (as trade unions)

• Main to follow with the road that began with the
  DP and reduce the GHG emissions worldwide.
• Analysis the consequences of CC on employment in
  general, at the sectoral and local/regional level
• Analysis the consequences on the employment of
  the measures and policies putting in place due to
  climate change.
• Enhance the policies for adaptation and
  mitigation policies
• Remind!! There are some years to act and avoid
  the worst effects of climate change

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The Bali Roadmap

• There have been recognized several building
  blocks for the new agreement
• Emission reductions
• Adaptation
• Technology
• Financing of the climate policies
• Probably there will be two parallel process
• Negotiations for the Kioto Protocol for 2012
• Process for the all countries (Dialogue)
• Both process must finish in 2009 (to have enough
  time for countries to sign it)

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• Thank you!!
• Ana Belén Sánchez
• absanchez_at_istas.ccoo.es

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The 4th assessment report. Observed changes
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Comparision of temperatures
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The 4th assessment report projections for the
future
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Who are the biggest emisors?
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The future the roadmap to Bali

• The Bali Roadmap must be
• A possible, necessary and just agreement
• To be accepted by all countries
• Enough to achieve the objective of the Convention
  (reduce emissions)
• Dont produce damage anyone
• Based on the scientific knowledge (IPCC)
• Flexible enough
• To have an agreement ready for 2013, the
  negotiations have to finish in 2009 and to get it
  in Bali have to define the main lines of the that
  agreement. That is the Bali Roadmap
• To take into account if the necessary reductions
  of GHG emissions are late, later, it will be
  necessary to have reductions much higher

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How could be a Kioto Protocol II?

• The new agreement should
• To limit the increased temperature to 2ºC
  (According with the IPCC scenarios), reduce 85
  the GHG emissions in 2050) that means to have an
  increased of temperatures with consequences
  manageable
• To assure, specially, the capacity of developing
  countries to adapt to the changes
• All countries must go into the agreement
  according the Conventions principle common but
  differentiated responsibilities according with
  their capacity (social and economic state of
  development)
• Developed countries reductions more ambitious
  than current (30 for 2020 y 85 for 2050,
  following the European commitments)
• Developing countries the most advanced countries
  have to adopt measures to stabilize, control or
  prevent the GHG emissions through objectives of
  renewables, energy efficiency or avoiding
  deforestation and developing a public transport
  system

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Criteria for the burden sharing

• Always according with the Conventions principle
• Taking into account equity criteria (according
  the social and economic development)
• Diffuse sectors the emissions per capita base
• The industrial sectors to the emissions trading
  system with benchmarking sectoral (CO2/t product)
  when is possible and auctioning. Always with the
  Best Available Technologies
• Adjustment indicators to take into account the
  differences with number of people, density, size
  of country (transport) and the kind of energy
  system

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How to encourage developing countries to control
their emissions?

• It will be respect the right to develop
• It will be transferred the most modern technology
  and less emissions producer
• It will be make easier the flow of funding and
  investment to developing countries
• They will control their emissions taken into
  account
• Their capacities
• The help (resources) that they will receive
• Their national priorities
• Their respect for the right to their economic
  growth

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Building blocks for the future regime

• Carbon price
• To follow with the carbon market through the CDM
• Adaptation to find ways for the financing
• We have to think best ways to establish
  frameworks to help to establish RD programs at
  the national, regional level and different ways
  to share these new findings (technologies)
• Incentives to investments
• Deforestation control and CO2 sinks
• BUNKERS (Aviation and maritime emissions)

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Social issues that must be develop in the CC
agenda

• What kind of social cost will mean the necessary
  changes in our way of life (production and
  consumption) to fight against CC?
• How will be distribute the mitigation costs?
  (according with the IPCC, 0,12 GDP in 2030)?
• How can be minimized the distributive effects of
  CC policies among countries and inside each
  country?
• How could be enhance the adaptation capacity of
  the people (workers) but distributing equality
  the costs?
• Who will pay for the adaptation costs?(Air
  conditioned, medicines, renewable energies)
• How could be much more taken into account the
  social consequences of CC in the international
  negotiations?
• Others

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Employment in the future agreement JUST
TRANSITION

• The new agreement must be taken into account and
  analyze the different evolution that could be
  possible linked to the emissions reductions and
  assure that there will be a smooth transition
  process. Therefore we need to have
• Effects on the employment because of CC
  (emigrations because of environmental reasons,
  unemployment in those sectors climate sensitive)
• Effects on the employment due to the
  implementation of the adaptation measures.
  Opportunities
• Effects on the employment due to mitigation
  efforts. Opportunity and risks
• The whole measures must be taken into account the
  most vulnerable (poorest, elderly, youths...)
• Its necessary to establish the social dialogue
  as an important instrument at every level to
  evaluate each policy and measure that will take
  place because of CC, advance the effects and
  propose solutions. And training and social
  protections.