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Finally, it becomes in a political issue, must be discussed = appear the Convention ... COP 9: Milan (Italy) 2003. COP 10: Buenos Aires (Argentina) 2004 ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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1
UN Convention and Kioto ProtocolBali, 9
December 2007
  • Ana Belén Sánchez
  • Energy and climate change

15/02/2012
2
The beginning
  • First, it was a scientific issue (1960-1970)
  • Secondly, it gets a public issue
  • Finally, it becomes in a political issue, must be
    discussed appear the Convention
  • There is always something to take into account in
    the process Although we could reduce the
    emissions, the atmospheric concentration of GHG
    will continue increase some centuries more
    Increase of the world temperature anyway.

3
Scientific analysis, 1960-1970
  • Decade 1960-1970
  • Conclusions the atmospheric CO2 concentrations
    was producing an increase of the global world
    temperature in the planet (greenhouse effect)
  • These emissions were a result of the humanity
    activity, specially because of the use of energy.
  • Consequences more frequency and gravity of the
    extreme climate effects hot and cold waves,
    droughts and floods, biodiversity looses

4
It becomes a public-political issue, 1988
  • In 1980 the governments decided it is a
    difficult question and must be broached for an
    independent institution
  • In 1988 it is created the IPCC, under UNEP and
    the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
  • Aim study why its produced this climate change
    effect, which are its environmental and
    socioeconomics effects and present some solutions
    to the problem
  • IPCC doesnt do any research These scientifics
    analyze other studies already published
  • And finally, provide information to governments
    and policy makers.

5
IPCC First report, 1990
  • In 1990 is published the first IPCC report
  • Principal conclusions the human activities and
    their emissions had produced a huge quantity of
    greenhouse gases emissions
  • The CO2 is almost the half of the whole gasses
  • The consequences will be huge along the whole
    planet
  • And its a growing problem, unless we act soon,
    there will be some kind of effects which will do
    impossible to adapt to.
  • Finally, we should reduce at least 60 of the GHG
    emissions to avoid it!!
  • Now, There are three more reports

6
The 4th assessment report (main findings)
  • The human activities are responsible of the
    climate change effect
  • How will be the future? If the countries take
    actions to reduce the GHG emissions, there will
    be a peak in the next 10-15 years and later the
    emissions should declance to a 85 of the 1990
    levels (in 2050)
  • With the current technologies its possible to
    achieve it! We dont have to wait to develop some
    others new

7
Political negotiation, 1990
  • As a consequence of the first IPCC report at the
    end of 1990s it was created the
    Intergovernmental Committee to negotiate a
    Convention about climate changes issues
  • But the negotiation is very difficult because the
    needed changes to solve the problem meant drastic
    changes in the current economies of all countries
    and it was needed the implementation of unpopular
    measures
  • Those changes would affected energy sector,
    transport, industrial, agricultural and forestry
    the whole economy

8
Differences between countries
  • The most difficult problem the countries which
    must achieve a solution had a very different
    economies
  • Developed countries didnt want their economies
    to be stopped and developing countries didnt
    want have limits to their development and
    insisted that it was a problem created by the
    developing countries!
  • Finally principle of common but differentiated
    responsibilities

9
UNFCCC, United Nation Framework Convention on
Climate Change, 1994
  • In 1992 is written and accepted. It is offered to
    sign in at the Rio Earth Summit
  • In 1994 entered into force. Now there are189
    parties.
  • Objective To control the atmosphere
    concentrations of GHG in a level to avoid
    dangerous interferences with the humanity
  • And that must happen in a period of time enough
    to allow the adaptation

10
Included gases
  • CO2 Carbon Dioxide
  • CH4 Methane
  • N2O Nitrous Oxide
  • HFCs Hydrofluocarbons
  • PFCs Perfluorinated hydrocarbons
  • SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride
  • Resources energy sector, including transport,
    housing sector, agricultural, deforestation some
    kinds of industrial process.

11
Parties (countries) forming the Convention
  • Annex I developed countries obligatory
    commitments to reduce their emissions
  • Annex II The 24 highly developed countries, In
    addition to reducing their emissions, are also
    required to financially support the effort of the
    developing countries.
  • With transition economies Most countries in
    Eastern Europe and ex URSS
  • Non Annex I developing countries. They have
    general commitments to respond to climate change,
    with fewer specific commitments (give information
    about their steps taken, mainly)

12
Subsidiary Bodies, COP, MOP,
  • There is an annual meeting between parties, named
    Conference of the Parties (COP) and MOP (Meeting
    of Parties) for the Kioto Protocol
  • The convention and KP is supported for two
    subsidiary bodies
  • Subsidiary body for Scientific and Technological
    Advise (SBSTA)
  • Subsidiary Body of Implementation (SBI)
  • The subsidiary bodies have two annual meeting,
    one in the COP and the other around May

13
Decisions making process for UNFCCC bodies
14
COPs
  • COP 1 Berlin (Germany) 1995
  • COP 2 Geneva (Switzerland) 1996
  • COP 3 Kyoto (Japan) 1997
  • COP 4 Buenos Aires (Argentina) 1998
  • COP 5 Bonn (Germany) 1999
  • COP 6 The Hague (Netherlands) and Bonn (Germany)
    2000
  • COP 7 Marrakech (Morocco) 2001
  • COP 8 New Delhi (India) 2002
  • COP 9 Milan (Italy) 2003
  • COP 10 Buenos Aires (Argentina) 2004
  • COP 11/ MOP 1 Montreal (Canada) 2005
  • COP 12/ MOP 2 Nairobi (Kenya) 2006
  • COP13/MOP 3 Bali (Indonesia) 2007

15
Kyoto Protocol
  • In 1997, in COP3, in Kyoto, after three years of
    negotiations, the Convention adopts a Protocol
    an international agreement that stands on its own
    but is linked to an existing treaty.
  • The Protocol establishes stronger commitments
    than the Convention, and more complex details.
    There is a first commitment period (2008-12) in
    which the developed countries must reduce their
    emissions at least 5 from theirs in 1990
  • It entered into force in 2001 after more than 55
    countries, with more than 55 of the total
    emissions, had ratified it.
  • USA, although it was involved in its development
    hasn't ratified it.
  • Australia decided to signed it recently

16
Kyoto Protocol cont.
  • Its the second step after the Convention
  • It sets legally binding targets and timetables
    for cutting developed country emissions
  • It highlights effective domestic policies and
    measures for reducing emissions
  • The Protocol encourages governments to work
    together
  • KP assigns a national target to each country
  • There are three flexible mechanisms emissions
    trading, clean development mechanism (CDM) and
    Join Implementation (JI)

17
Flexible Mechanisms
  • Emission Trading Scheme, allow industrialized
    countries to buy and sell emissions among
    themselves
  • CDM Clean Developed Mechanism, provide credit
    (CERs) for financing emissions- reducing or
    emissions-avoiding project in developing
    countries.
  • JI Joint Implementation, offer emission
    reduction units for financing projects in other
    developed countries, with economies in transition

18
Reductions commitments
19
Challenges
  • To achieve bigger reductions of GHG emissions
  • To continue advancing in the scientific knowledge
  • To enhance the public support to the adaptation
    and mitigation measures
  • It is necessary continuing the path that the KP
    has began, not only to reduce emissions but to
    achieve a sustainable development along the world.

20
Challenges for the future (as trade unions)
  • Main to follow with the road that began with the
    DP and reduce the GHG emissions worldwide.
  • Analysis the consequences of CC on employment in
    general, at the sectoral and local/regional level
  • Analysis the consequences on the employment of
    the measures and policies putting in place due to
    climate change.
  • Enhance the policies for adaptation and
    mitigation policies
  • Remind!! There are some years to act and avoid
    the worst effects of climate change

21
The Bali Roadmap
  • There have been recognized several building
    blocks for the new agreement
  • Emission reductions
  • Adaptation
  • Technology
  • Financing of the climate policies
  • Probably there will be two parallel process
  • Negotiations for the Kioto Protocol for 2012
  • Process for the all countries (Dialogue)
  • Both process must finish in 2009 (to have enough
    time for countries to sign it)

22
  • Thank you!!
  • Ana Belén Sánchez
  • absanchez_at_istas.ccoo.es

23
The 4th assessment report. Observed changes
24
Comparision of temperatures
25
The 4th assessment report projections for the
future
26
Who are the biggest emisors?
27
The future the roadmap to Bali
  • The Bali Roadmap must be
  • A possible, necessary and just agreement
  • To be accepted by all countries
  • Enough to achieve the objective of the Convention
    (reduce emissions)
  • Dont produce damage anyone
  • Based on the scientific knowledge (IPCC)
  • Flexible enough
  • To have an agreement ready for 2013, the
    negotiations have to finish in 2009 and to get it
    in Bali have to define the main lines of the that
    agreement. That is the Bali Roadmap
  • To take into account if the necessary reductions
    of GHG emissions are late, later, it will be
    necessary to have reductions much higher

28
How could be a Kioto Protocol II?
  • The new agreement should
  • To limit the increased temperature to 2ºC
    (According with the IPCC scenarios), reduce 85
    the GHG emissions in 2050) that means to have an
    increased of temperatures with consequences
    manageable
  • To assure, specially, the capacity of developing
    countries to adapt to the changes
  • All countries must go into the agreement
    according the Conventions principle common but
    differentiated responsibilities according with
    their capacity (social and economic state of
    development)
  • Developed countries reductions more ambitious
    than current (30 for 2020 y 85 for 2050,
    following the European commitments)
  • Developing countries the most advanced countries
    have to adopt measures to stabilize, control or
    prevent the GHG emissions through objectives of
    renewables, energy efficiency or avoiding
    deforestation and developing a public transport
    system

29
Criteria for the burden sharing
  • Always according with the Conventions principle
  • Taking into account equity criteria (according
    the social and economic development)
  • Diffuse sectors the emissions per capita base
  • The industrial sectors to the emissions trading
    system with benchmarking sectoral (CO2/t product)
    when is possible and auctioning. Always with the
    Best Available Technologies
  • Adjustment indicators to take into account the
    differences with number of people, density, size
    of country (transport) and the kind of energy
    system

30
How to encourage developing countries to control
their emissions?
  • It will be respect the right to develop
  • It will be transferred the most modern technology
    and less emissions producer
  • It will be make easier the flow of funding and
    investment to developing countries
  • They will control their emissions taken into
    account
  • Their capacities
  • The help (resources) that they will receive
  • Their national priorities
  • Their respect for the right to their economic
    growth

31
Building blocks for the future regime
  • Carbon price
  • To follow with the carbon market through the CDM
  • Adaptation to find ways for the financing
  • We have to think best ways to establish
    frameworks to help to establish RD programs at
    the national, regional level and different ways
    to share these new findings (technologies)
  • Incentives to investments
  • Deforestation control and CO2 sinks
  • BUNKERS (Aviation and maritime emissions)

32
Social issues that must be develop in the CC
agenda
  • What kind of social cost will mean the necessary
    changes in our way of life (production and
    consumption) to fight against CC?
  • How will be distribute the mitigation costs?
    (according with the IPCC, 0,12 GDP in 2030)?
  • How can be minimized the distributive effects of
    CC policies among countries and inside each
    country?
  • How could be enhance the adaptation capacity of
    the people (workers) but distributing equality
    the costs?
  • Who will pay for the adaptation costs?(Air
    conditioned, medicines, renewable energies)
  • How could be much more taken into account the
    social consequences of CC in the international
    negotiations?
  • Others

33
Employment in the future agreement JUST
TRANSITION
  • The new agreement must be taken into account and
    analyze the different evolution that could be
    possible linked to the emissions reductions and
    assure that there will be a smooth transition
    process. Therefore we need to have
  • Effects on the employment because of CC
    (emigrations because of environmental reasons,
    unemployment in those sectors climate sensitive)
  • Effects on the employment due to the
    implementation of the adaptation measures.
    Opportunities
  • Effects on the employment due to mitigation
    efforts. Opportunity and risks
  • The whole measures must be taken into account the
    most vulnerable (poorest, elderly, youths...)
  • Its necessary to establish the social dialogue
    as an important instrument at every level to
    evaluate each policy and measure that will take
    place because of CC, advance the effects and
    propose solutions. And training and social
    protections.
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