Transportation Modes

1
Transportation Modes

• Transport modes
• Vehicle dynamics
• Urban public transport
• Non-motorised modes
• Air transport
• Rail transport
• Road transport

• (Only a background)
• Components
• Mode choice
• Modes

2
Components (1)

• Components
• The vehicle
• The way
• The terminal
• Method of propulsion
• Method of operation
• The vehicle
• Many shapes dependent on
• functions, way. terminal, propulsion and
  operation

• The way
• The medium on or through which travel occurs
• Natural, improved and artificial
• Ownership public private
• Use public private

3
Components (2)

• Terminals
• Access to the mode
• Point of change and
• disruption of trip
• Efficiency
• Minimise inconvenience
• For goods
• Handling equipment
• Storage facilities
• For persons
• f(function of trip, duration of stay, passengers)
• Ticket sales, restaurants, toilet and washing
  facilities, shops accommodation, etc.

4
Components (3)

• A terminal as a system

Vehicles driving through
Goods
Passengers
Parked vehicles
Passengers
Goods
Vehicles driving through
5
Components (4)

• Method of propulsion
• Method of operation
• Ownership
• Usage
• Regulation physical and legal

• Terminal as an opportunity
• For goods
• Aggregation -warehousing
• Sale - retail
• Break of bulk - repackaging
• Manufacture - industry

6
Choice of mode (1)

• Right place, right time, right price and safely
• Criteria
• Cost
• Speed
• Safety
• Reliability
• Convenience

• Cost
• Fixed and variable costs
• Economies of scale

7
Choice of mode (2)

• Speed
• Goods high value and emergency
• Persons
• Safety
• Goods
• Certainty of arrival
• Good condition
• Persons
• Minimum risk of injury during trip safety and
  security

• RELIABILITY
• Goods
• Just in time management
• Lower stock - lower storage costs
• Persons
• Shorter waiting times
• Shorter total travel times

8
Choice of mode (3)

• Reliability (cont.)
• Convenience
• Easy to access and use
• Goods
• Trucks - door-to-door
• Rail -
• Siding-siding and station-station
• Control of goods in-transit

• People
• Long distance trips
• Rail in city centre easy to reach from offices
  and short boarding times
• Airport on outskirts long distance from city
  centre and long boarding times
• Rail can be better for trips lt500km
• Quality of service differences

9
Modes (Water)

• Oldest form of mass transport
• Way
• Rivers, lakes, canals, seas
• Natural improved artificial
• Vehicles
• Barges,
• Passenger boats,
• Tramp steamers, container ships, bulk carriers
• Roro
• Terminals
• Harbours and docks
• Facilities handling and storage

• Location
• Protected from winds
• Large area for industrial activity
• Large catchment
• Propulsion
• Sail, coal, oil, nuclear
• Operation
• High fixed cost and low variable cost
• Terminals government
• Vehicle private
• Flag of convenience
• International law
• Conference of lines

10
Modes (Land Road)

• Way
• Upgraded routes, artificial roads and guideways
• Guarantee passage, safe and travel time
• Pavements
• Keep water out of foundations
• Carrying capacity
• f(axle weight 4)
• Scraped paths, treated materials, asphalt
  surfaced, concrete roads
• R1,3M/km for 2-Lane
• R5.0M/km freeway
• with interchanges ? R4.5M

• Vehicles
• People cycles, cars, buses
• Goods ldvs, trucks
• Special caravans etc.
• Terminals
• Parking and loading areas (on-and off-street)
• Propulsion
• Petrol and diesel (electricity)
• Operation
• Low fixed costs and high variable costs
• HOV lanes
• Door-door
• Economies of scale?

11
Modes (Land Rail)

• Earliest motorised mode
• Way
• Two parallel strips of steel on sleepers
  (R13M/km)
• Steel on steel has least rolling resistance
• Penetration limited to track
• Mono-rail, magnetic levitation Concrete guideways
• Vehicle
• Motor coaches passenger and goods coaches
• People heavy rail, light rail
• Goods open, closed,
• container, flat bed,

• refrigerated, tankers, silo
• Terminals
• People Stations and modal interchange centres
  (R5M)
• Goods sidings, stations, marshalling yards
• Depots
• Propulsion
• Coal, diesel and electricity
• Operation
• High fixed cost and low variable cost
• Way and vehicle owned and operated by one
  authority
• This could change
• TRANSNET, SPOORNET, METRO, SARCC, INTERSITE

12
Modes (Pipelines)

• Not very apparent
• Way
• pipeline vehicle for fluids
• Vehicle
• pipeline way for fluids
• Capsules
• Terminal
• Storage facilities and pump stations
• Propulsion
• Gravity or pressure from pump stations

• Operation
• High fixed cost low variable cost
• Controlled by operator
• Operates usually in one direction only
• Can carry more than one product, needs cleaning
  between different products

13
Modes (Aeroplanes)

• Air transport
• Most recent mode of transport
• Way The air
• Vehicles
• Passenger and goods aeroplanes, helicopters,
  rockets, balloons, VTOL
• Terminals
• Airports and airfields
• Airway, airside, and land side
• Location
• Clear flight path
• Noise blight
• Catchment urban area

• Propulsion
• Propeller, turbines
• Operation
• Low fixed cost high variable cost (???)
• Strict licensing
• Recent deregulation

14
Modes (Other)

• Non-motorised modes
• Moving pavements/ escalators
• Conveyors
• Elevators/lifts
• Cable ways