Commonalities

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Commonalities Differences In Project Management
Around the World

• A Survey of Project Categories and Life Cycles
• Russell D. Archibald
• Vladimir Voropaev

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Purpose of This Survey

• To encourage global agreement on
• Definition of basic project categories
  sub-categories in common use for essentially all
  types of projects
• Identification definition of life cycles in use
  for each project category
• To identify differences in these areas so that
  these can be understood and minimized

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Presentation Outline

• A Global Vision PM Practices
• Systematic Model of Project Management
• Proposed Project Categories/Sub-Categories
• Life Cycles for Various Categories
• Survey Questionnaire and Conduct
• Next Steps

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1. A Vision of Global Project Management Practices

• Widely used set of concepts, methods, systems
  and tools
• High degree of uniformity and understanding
  across economic, cultural political boundaries
• Enabling broad collaboration with minimum
  conflict
• Interchangeable managers specialists

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2. Systematic Model of Project Management

• The following figure is from Voropaev et al,
  Systematic Model of Project Management,
  presented at the 17th IPMA World Congress 2003 in
  Moscow

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This Survey Focuses On

• Managed Objects Projects and Programs
• Life cycle phases of projects

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Projects

• Are the common denominator for all aspects of
  project management
• Exist in many sizes types
• Produce many different products results

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Required Analytical Framework

• Systematic grouping into defined categories and
  sub-categories
• Many possible classification schemes
• Most practical scheme reflects the products of
  the projects at the first levels of classification

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3. Proposed Major Categories of Projects

• Aerospace/Defense
• Business Organizational Change Projects
• Communication Systems Projects
• Event Projects
• Facilities Projects

• Information Systems
• International Development
• Media Entertainment
• Product/Service Development
• Research Dev.

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Other Major Categories May Be Required

• See Table 1 in the paper
• Survey will determine how practical and complete
  these recommended categories are
• Further breakdown is obviously required
• A few examples follow

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Sub-Categories Are Required

• One example
• Business Organization Change Projects
• Acquisition/merger
• Management process improvement
• New business venture
• Organization re-structuring
• Legal proceeding
• Other ?

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ExampleCategory 5. Facilities Projects

• Subcategories
• Facility decommissioning
• Facility demolition
• Facility maintenance modification
• Facility design/procure/construct1.Civil
  2.Energy 3.Environmental 4.Industrial
  5.Commercial 6.Residential 7.Ships 8.Other
• Other ?

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Categories AreNot Mutually Exclusive

• Programs and large projects usually involve more
  than one category or sub-category
• These projects are placed in their predominate
  category
• Must Mega projects be treated separately?
  Probably yes

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Classifying Within Categories Sub-Categories

• Project size
• Project complexity
• External or internal customer
• Degree of customer involvement
• Levels of risk
• Other

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Classifying Within Categories (Contd)

• Major minor projects
• Mega projects not categorizable
• Stand-alone versus create supporting
  infrastructure
• Standard versus transitional
• Other ?

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Commonalities Differences A Framework for
Analysis

• Define appropriate project categories and
  sub-categories
• Identify life cycles within each of these
• Identify PM practices tools in use by life
  cycle phase within various regions or countries

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4. Life Cycles Searching for Common Processes

• Life cycle definition enables
• All involved persons to understand the processes
  to be used
• Capture of best experience
• Assignment of responsibilities
• Repetition of success
• Important starting point in our search for
  common processes

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Generic Life Cycle Phases

• General agreement on four generic life cycle
  phases
• Concept
• Definition
• Execution
• Closeout
• However these are too broad for our purposes

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Designing Life CyclesPhases and Decision Points

• Three basic design parameters
• Number and definitions of phases/sub-phases
• Whether sequential or overlapping, once-through
  or re-cycling, predictive or adaptive
• Number and placement of decision points
  (approvals, go/kill, go/hold, go back)

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Basic Life Cycle Model Types

• Predictive
• Most common
• Generic, waterfall, other
• Adaptive/heuristic
• Incremental build
• Short-term cycles
• Evolutionary

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Life Cycle ModelsDiffer by Category

• Different project categories (and
  sub-categories) often require very different life
  cycle designs
• Incomplete literature search produced list shown
  in Table 2 of our paper

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Examples of Predictive Life Cycles

• Generic/Standard
• Concept, definition, execution, closeout
• Waterfall
• Generic with overlapping, more detailed phases
• Cyclical (when number is known)
• Spiral

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Examples of Adaptive Life Cycle Models

• Adaptive Software Development/ASD
• Component based, iterative time-boxed cycles,
  risk-driven, change tolerant
• Extreme Programming/XP
• Programming in pairs, teams include managers
  users, each team codes tests, fluid cost
  schedule
• SCRUM
• Iterative 30 day sprints, short daily meetings
  (scrums), several small teams
• Source Desaulniers Anderson 2002

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Extreme Programming/XP

• A cooperative style of software development
  promises to deliver better applications on time
  and on budget.
• PC Magazine, Feb. 25, 2003 p. 68
• For helpful links, see Extreme Programming
  Resources at
• www.pcmag.com/onlineextras/

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NASA Process Based Mission Assurance Program
Life Cycle

• Program Management
• Concept Development
• Acquisition
• Hardware Design
• Software Design
• Manufacturing
• Pre-Operations Integration Test
• Operations

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Information Systems Life Cycle Examples

• Desaulniers Anderson 2002
• Predictive (waterfall, prototyping, rapid
  application development/RAD, incremental build)
• Adaptive (ASD, XP, SCRUM)
• Whitten 1995
• Code and fix, waterfall, incremental, interative

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Product Service Development Life Cycle Examples

• Cooper Kleinschmidt 1993
• Stage-Gate? Process Model
• Thamhain 2000
• Phase-Gate Model
• Murphy 1989
• Pharmaceutical Model

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Stage-Gate? Model
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5. Global Survey Project Categories
Sub-Categories

• Purpose To determine
• If such a concept is used if so how common it
  is around the world
• Whether the recommended categories are used or
  useful
• What additions or changes are needed
• What are the common practices in further
  classification within sub-categories

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Global Survey ProjectLife Cycles Within
Categories

• Purpose To determine for each
  category/sub-category within each country
• Which of the listed life cycles are in use
• Whether other life cycles are used, if so their
  names and references
• How the life cycle models are used and the
  benefits they produce

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Conducting the Survey

• The questionnaire is available on-line at
  http//ipmaglobalsurvey.com
• Completed questionnaires are to be completed
  on-line prior to November 1st, 2003

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Project Categories Survey

• Enter These Codes for Each Item in Table 1
• U Universally accepted and used
• W Widely accepted and used
• A Accepted and used by some
• R Rarely accepted and used
• N Never accepted or used
• ALT Alternative term used as noted

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Project Categories Survey (Contd)

• Questions
• Useful to have an agreed list of project
  categories? Why?
• What other classification systems are in use?
• What subordinate classifications are used?

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Project Life Cycle Survey Codes Each Category

• SEQ Sequential
• WF Waterfall Model
• PAR Parallel
• CYC Cyclical
• Spir Spiral
• INCR - Incremental

• ITER Iterative
• ADAP Adaptive
• GATE Stage-Gate
• CFIX Code and fix
• Spec Special (describe)

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Project Life Cycle Survey - Other Information

• Number of life cycle phases
• Number of decision points
• Additional comments
• .for each project category listed in Table 2
  plus any that have been added by the respondent

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Project Life Cycle Survey

• Questions
• Useful to have an agreed list of project life
  cycle types? Why?
• List any other life cycle models or type that
  you know are in use, with descriptions or
  references.
• Any other comments or suggestions

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Promoting the Survey

• ISGI Workshop participants are invited to
  respond and encourage their colleagues to do
  the same
• The survey is being publicized through
  appropriate PM associations around the world
  primarily using the Internet and Web

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Inducements To Complete the Survey

• Respondents will receive a complete copy of the
  survey report
• Their names will be listed in the report (if
  desired)
• They will have the satisfaction of having
  contributed to the advancement of the project
  management profession

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6. Next Steps

• Survey conduct June October
• Compilation of results and preparation of the
  survey report Sept. December
• Release of final report
• December 31, 2003
• Presentation of results at the 18th IPMA World
  Congress in Budapest June 2004

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Download this paper complete the on-linesurvey
questionnaire at

• http//ipmaglobalsurvey.com
• The site, paper questionnaire are available in
  English Spanish

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Volunteers Welcome!

• We would like to have a survey leader within
  each country to promote the widest possible
  participation
• Please contact us
• Russ Archibald www.russarchibald.com
  archie_at_unisono.net.mx
• Vladimir Voropaev voropaev_at_sovnet.ru

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Your Feedback Is Requested!

• Thank you for listening
• Please complete the on-line survey questionnaire
  prior to November 1st
• Please give us your comments or suggestions on
  the survey
• Is this worth all the effort?