Background Session

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Background Session 2 Transcription
Genetic Code TranslationMay 17, 2008

• Henrik Kibak
• Associate Professor of Biology
• California State University, Monterey Bay

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Transcription Translation
DNA ? RNA ? Protein
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Transcription Translation
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Review of Transcription
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Review of Transcription
(Prokaryotes)
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Review of Transcription
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Review of Transcription
Genes and RNA transcripts differ in length!
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Review of Transcription
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Review of Translation
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Review of Translation
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Review of Genetic Code
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Amino Acid Review
Two of the most important properties of amino
acids are their size and hydrophobicity, or
oilyness. The more hydrophobic a residue, the
more hydrogen-bond forming molecules such as
water force the residue away. This causes
proteins to fold with their non-polar residues
in, away from water or to become embedded in the
lipid bilayer of cell membranes.
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Review of Genetic Code
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Review of Genetic Code
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DNA and Protein Sequences

• ATGGAACTTATTAAAGAAGATAATGCT

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DNA and Protein Sequences

• ATGGAACTTATTAAAGAAGATAATGCT
• M E L I K E D N A

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DNA and Protein Sequences

• M E L I K E D N A
• ATGGAACTTATTAAAGAAGATAATGCT
• ATGGAGTTCATCAAGGAGGACAACGCC
• ATGGAGTTAATAAAAGAAGATAATGCA
• ATGGAGTTGATTAAAGAAGATAATGCG

Met Glu Leu Ile Lys Glu Asp Asn Ala M E L
I K E D N A ATG GAA CTT ATT AAA GAA GAT
AAT GCT G T C C G G C C C
A A A G
G
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Review of Genetic Code
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mRNA ? Protein
Human Cytochrome c mRNA Translated to
Protein M G D V E K G K K I
F I M K C S Q C H T AUG GGU
GAU GUU GAG AAA GGC AAG AAG AUU UUU AUU AUG AAG
UGU UCC CAG UGC CAC ACC V E K G G K
H K T G P N L H G L F G
R K GUU GAA AAG GGA GGC AAG CAC AAG ACU GGG
CCA AAU CUC CAU GGU CUC UUU GGG CGG AAG T G
Q A P G Y S Y T A A N K
N K G I I W ACA GGU CAG GCC CCU GGA
UAC UCU UAC ACA GCC GCC AAU AAG AAC AAA GGC AUC
AUC UGG G E D T L M E Y L E
N P K K Y I P G U K GGA GAG
GAU ACA CUG AUG GAG UAU UUG GAG AAU CCC AAG AAG
UAC AUC CCU GGA ACA AAA M I F V G I
K K K E E R A D L I A Y
L K AUG AUC UUU GUC GGC AUU AAG AAG AAG GAA
GAA AGG GCA GAC UUA AUA GCU UAU CUC AAA K A
T N E - AAA GCU ACU AAU GAG UAA
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Introns, Exons, Untranslated Regions
gtCytochrome c somatic rangechr725129845-25131480
AGGGCGCGGGAGCGCGGAGCGAGTTTGGTTGCACTTACACCGGTACTT
AA GCGCGGACCGGCGTGTCCTTGGACTTAGAGAGTGGGGACGTCCGGCT
TCG GAGCGGGAGTGTTCGTTGTGCCAGCGACTAAAAAGAGgtgagagcg
ggtc gcggaggccgcacctggttagaggcagagctgtgggaggcgcgca
cttgc gagcgaccgaaacccaagcggggagcattcgagtggagcccgcg
ctgggt gggagggcggggagtgaagaccctggactgtggtcagaccgag
ctgggcg agtaacggcttgaggtgcggcggagccctaactagggacagg
tatggtct cggtcagggactggaggcggcttggatacagatccgaggag
gaggcggcc tcttccgtagtggttgctgaagggctatggaaatgatagg
caagacttcc ctcctggaaagccgaagcttagagcttcacgttcttctt
cagagggcaaa agctgttgctcttctaataaggggccagttcttttcgt
gggcacatgttt cttccgtcagtcgttctgacatcctagaaggagtttc
atcaatcaccttg aaaccgacctggacgggtgacctcgtggtcgcccca
ggagatcacaggta ggggagttgggatgtccccgggggaccgtgcagcc
tgcccctgagctccc attcacaagttcgagtgtcaagctactcctgtga
cctgggcagatagaaa cagccaggaccgctttttaaacatttgtgtgct
ttgcgttatcctcaggg agaggtggctttacattgtagtaagattaaat
ggttaggtctttttaaaa gttgcggttgtggtgattttggcttaatgtg
ttcgcccttgagcttcaga tctgtgacttcgtgaccatgattgtctctt
ctgaaactggagtttgaatt aggttccctctttgcttgggctttaacgt
tccttcacgtatacacacaaa aatacgtttttgaggaggtactcctaaa
aatgtttttggtattaaagaat atttggtataaagagtattaaagcaaa
acaagattcattctggtatttaa tgacataaattagcaatggattggta
attaagtggctagagtggtcattc atttacactgtatttgttacctgag
gaaaaatttactaagttgaagcttt cgtttttagAATTAAATATGGGTG
ATGTTGAGAAAGGCAAGAAGATTTTT ATTATGAAGTGTTCCCAGTGCCA
CACCGTTGAAAAGGGAGGCAAGCACAA GACTGGGCCAAATCTCCATGGT
CTCTTTGGGCGGAAGACAGGTCAGGCCC CTGGATACTCTTACACAGCCG
CCAATAAGAACAAAGgtaagagtcacttg ttaaataaaacaacacaaaa
tgcaggaatataacatgtggcaaactatca ggagtgtgaaataaccgat
gcattctttcttgtttagGCATCATCTGGGG AGAGGATACACTGATGGA
GTATTTGGAGAATCCCAAGAAGTACATCCCTG GAACAAAAATGATCTTT
GTCGGCATTAAGAAGAAGGAAGAAAGGGCAGAC TTAATAGCTTATCTCA
AAAAAGCTACTAATGAGTAA
Actual gene sequence of Human Cytochrome c
including introns and 5 untranslated region
taken directly from chromosome 7 genomic
sequence. The blue portion of sequence becomes
the mature mRNA (some 3 untranslated sequence
left off for clarity).
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Reading Frames
cgtttttag AATTAAATATGGGTGATGTTGAGAAAGGCA
AGAAGATTTTT ATTATGAAGTGTTCCCAGTGCCACACCGTTGAAAAGGG
AGGCAAGCACAA GACTGGGCCAAATCTCCATGGTCTCTTTGGGCGGAAG
ACAGGTCAGGCCC CTGGATACTCTTACACAGCCGCCAATAAGAACAAAG

gtaagagtcacttg
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Reading Frames
cgtttttagAATTAAATATGGGTGATGTTGAGAAAGGCAAGAAGATTTTT
ATTATGAAGTGTTCCCAGTGCCACACCGTTGAAAAGGGAGGCAAGCACA
A GACTGGGCCAAATCTCCATGGTCTCTTTGGGCGGAAGACAGGTCAGGC
CC CTGGATACTCTTACACAGCCGCCAATAAGAACAAAGgtaagagtcac
ttg ttaaataaaacaacacaaaatgcaggaatataacatgtggcaaact
atca ggagtgtgaaataaccgatgcattctttcttgtttagGCATCATC
TGGGG AGAGGATACACTGATGGAGTATTTGGAGAATCCCAAGAAGTACA
TCCCTG GAACAAAAATGATCTTTGTCGGCATTAAGAAGAAGGAAGAAAG
GGCAGAC TTAATAGCTTATCTCAAAAAAGCTACTAATGAGTAA
If we translate the whole segment we get no open
reading frames.
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Open Reading Frames are Rare (so they probably
indicate a gene).
AATTAAATATGGGTGATGTTGAGAAAGGCAAGAAGATTTTT
ATTATGAAGTGTTCCCAGTGCCACACCGTTGAAAAGGGAGGCAAGCACA
A GACTGGGCCAAATCTCCATGGTCTCTTTGGGCGGAAGACAGGTCAGGC
CC CTGGATACTCTTACACAGCCGCCAATAAGAACAAAG
GCATCATCTGGGG AGAGGATA
CACTGATGGAGTATTTGGAGAATCCCAAGAAGTACATCCCTG GAACAAA
AATGATCTTTGTCGGCATTAAGAAGAAGGAAGAAAGGGCAGAC TTAATA
GCTTATCTCAAAAAAGCTACTAATGAGTAA