Chapter 4: Prenatal Devt

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Chapter 4 Prenatal Devt
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Chapter 4 Outline

• Stages of Prenatal Development
• Teratogens
• Infant Reflexes, Infant States

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The Beginnings of Life

• 1. A mothers womb is a protective haven that
  shields an unborn child from external hazards.
  True or False
• 2. The environment first affects human devt the
  moment a baby is born. True or False

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The Beginnings of Life

• 3. Birth proceeds smoothly with fewer
  complications when attended by a physician in a
  hospital. True or False
• 4. Newborn infants are asocial creatures, poorly
  adapted for life. True or False

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The Beginnings of Life

• 5. Human beings develop most rapidly between
  birth and 2 years of age. True or False

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Stages of Prenatal Devt

• 1. Germinal Stage (Zygote)
• Weeks 1 and 2
• Begins with conception

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Stages of Prenatal Devt

• 2. Embryonic Stage
• Weeks 3 to 8
• Not a recognizable human

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Stages of Prenatal Devt

• 2. Embryonic Phase
• Ectoderm
• Mesoderm
• Endoderm

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Stages of Prenatal Devt

• 3. Fetal Stage
• Week 8 to Birth
• Umbilical cord and placenta transfer nutrients

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Teratogens

• Any environmental agents that can interfere with
  the process of normal development

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Teratogens

• 1. Medical Drugs
• E.g., Thalidomide
• 2. Maternal Illness
• E.g., Rubella (German Measles)

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Teratogens

• 3. Social drugs
• E.g., Alcohol, Cocaine
• 4. Other
• E.g., Radiation

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OVERVIEW

• Teratogens
• FAS
• Infant Assessment
• Infant States

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Teratogens

• 1. Critical period
• 2. Genetics X Environment
• 3. Different teratogens can produce the same
  defect

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Teratogens

• 4. A single teratogen can produce multiple
  defects.
• 5. Greater the exposure, more serious the harm
• 6. Physical and Behavioral Effects

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Teratogens

• 7. Effects may not be obvious at birth
• 8. Importance of post-natal care

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Teratogens

• Why is the fetus more affected than the mother?
• 1. Dose effects
• 2. Organogenesis
• 3. Immature liver

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Maternal risk factors

• 1. Nutrition
• 2. Adolescent pregnancy
• 3. Pregnancy after 35
• 4. Emotional states

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Overview

• 1. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
• 2. Early Infant Assessment

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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

• What is it?
• What are the effects?

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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

• 1. A) 5,000
• B) 15,000
• C) 40,000
• D) 50,000

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• 2. A) 2,000
• B) 6,500
• C) 12,000
• D) 18,000

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• 3. A) 5
• B) 10
• C) 15
• D) 20

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• 4. A) Black
• B) Caucasian
• C) Native American
• D) No ethnic differences

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• 5. Drinking during the first trimester does not
  lead to FAS
• A)True
• B) False

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• 6. Motor development can be impaired for breast
  feeding babies whose mothers drink alcohol.
• A) True
• B) False

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• 7. Barbituates, opiates and alcohol have
  similar effects on developing fetuses.
• A) True
• B) False

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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

• 1. Growth retardation
• Small head, flattened features
• 2. Developmental Delays
• 3. Intellectual impairment
• Avg IQ 65-70

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FAS

• 4. Attention deficit, Learning problems
• 5. Serious behavioral problems

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Fetal Alcohol Effects

• Less severe effects, but many of the same symptoms

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Early Infancy

• The Apgar Scale
• Score 0, 1, 2

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Apgar Scale

• 5 signs
• 1. Heart Rate
• 2. Respirations
• 3. Reflex irritability
• 4. Muscle tone
• 5. Skin color

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Newborn Reflexes

• Most infant behaviors are reflexive
• Involuntary behaviors

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Reflexes

• Primitive
• Rooting
• Sucking
• Moro

• Posterior
• Crawling
• Swimming

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Infant States

• 1. Quiet Sleep
• 2. Active Sleep
• 3. Alert Inactivity

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Infant States

• 4. Waking Activity
• 5. Crying (6-7 of the time)
• 3 patterns Hunger, Anger, Pain

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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

• Sudden, unexpected death, with no known cause
• 1-3 /1000 infants
• 2-4 months of age

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Risk Factors

• 1. Prematurity
• 2. Low birthweight
• 3. Low Apgar scores
• 4. Male
• 5. Maternal smoking
• 6. Maternal age, education

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Risk Factors

• 7. Living conditions
• 8. Sleep positions

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Chapter 5 The Physical Self
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Overview

• Principles of physical development
• Age changes
• Influences on physical development

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Maturation

• Biologically controlled development
• Independent of outside learning experiences
• Based on genetics

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The Physical Self

• Growth Changes in height, weight (physical
  size)
• Development A broader term, includes mind,
  emotions and body
• Continues throughout life

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Principles of Physical Devt

• 1. Cephalocaudal
• From the head, downwards
• 2. Proximodistal
• From the torso, outwards
• 3. Differentiation
• Physical responses from global to specific

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Age changes in Physical Devt

• Infants (3-12 months)
• Onset of smiling
• Bones harden
• Ability to reach and grasp

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Infants

• Motor Skills
• Motor milestones

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Toddlerhood

• 12-30 months
• New form of locomotion get into everything
• Slow down in growth

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Preschoolers

• 2.5-5 years
• Body proportions change

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School age children

• Ages 5-10

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Adolescence

• Biological state and sub-culture
• Pubertal development

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Influences on Physical Growth

• 1. Heredity
• 2. Catch-up growth
• Canalization

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Influences on Physical Growth

• 3. Malnutrition
• Marasmus
• Kwashiorkor
• 4. SES

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Influences on Physical Growth

• 5. Emotional stress/lack of affection
• Failure to Thrive Syndrome

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Obesity

• Defined as More than 120 of the average weight
  for your age
• Linked to heart disease, stroke, diabetes and
  certain cancers

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Obesity in Canada

• On the rise
• 5.6 (1985) 14.8 (1998)
• 3.3 million Canadians

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Childhood Obesity

• 15 (1981) to 26 in 1996 (Canada)
• Related to
• Health Problems
• Low Self-esteem
• Unpopular

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Childhood Obesity

• 2/3 of obese children will become obese adults
• Influenced by
• Genetics
• Activity level
• Metabolism
• Dieting

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Problems with Weight Perception

• Anorexia
• 1 in every 200 girls
• Morbid fear of getting fat
• Bulimia
• Binging and Purging

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Development of The Brain

• At birth brain weighs 25 of an adult brain
• By age 2 brain weighs 75 of an adult brain

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Brain Growth

• Glia cells and neurons
• Lose brain cells with age
• Plasticity of the brain

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Brain Growth

• Not all parts of the brain mature at the same
  time
• Primary motor area Primary sensory area

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Brain Growth

• Mylenization
• Cerebral Lateralization