Human Growth

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Human Growth Development

• SM 60 Fall 2002
• ETS - R. Bell
• Christian Commitment Excellence in Learning

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Seven Significant Counseling Decision Points
within 3 Phases of Counseling

• Phase I Identifying the Nature of the Problem
• Problem Incidence
• Correlated Problems
• Typical Symptom Clusters
• Causal Variables
• Genetic Endowment
• Environmental Forces
• Developmental History
• Predictions about Counselees Future
• Societal Expectations Pressures

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Phase II Adopting Suitable Counseling Techniques

• An appropriate counseling approach
• Logical Analysis
• Normative data re techniques success in the
  past
• Progress of the Case
• Counselee cooperation
• Counselee testimony
• Adjustment inventories
• Abatement of symptoms
• Assessment of long-term outcomes
• Evaluating the solution to the counselees
  problem longtitudinal outcome

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Phase III Completing the Counseling Process

• Terminating Counseling
• How?
• Why?
• By Whom?

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Kail/Cavanaugh

• Chapter 1
• The Study of Human Development

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What is Lifespan Development?

• The multidisciplinary study of
• how people change and how
• they remain the same over time.

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Periods of Development

• Newborn (birth to 1 month)
• Infant (1 month to 1 year)
• Toddler (1 to 2 years)
• Preschooler (2 to 6 years)
• School-age child (6 to 12 years)
• Adolescent (12 to 20 years)
• Young adult (20 to 40 years)
• Middle-aged adult (40 to 60 years)
• Young-old adult (60 to 80 years)
• Old-old adult (80 years and beyond)

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Recurring Issues

• Nature vs. Nurture
• Continuity vs. Discontinuity
• Universal vs. Context-Specific

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Forces in Human Development

• Biological Forces
• normative age-graded influences
• normative history-graded influences
• non-normative influences
• Psychological Forces
• Sociocultural Forces
• Life-cycle Forces

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Life Cyle Forces
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What is a Theory?

• an organized set of ideas that is designed to
  explain development

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Two Major Approaches to Research

• Empirical (Experimental)
• Reductionistic one objective approach
• Hypothesis testing
• Seeks to prove/disprove

• Naturalistic
• Holistic multiple subjective approaches
• Hypothesis generating
• Seeks to explain or interpret

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Measurement Tools and Issues

• Systematic Observation
• naturalistic or structured
• Sampling Behavior
• Self Reports
• Reliability and Validity Issues
• Representative Sampling

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Experimental Studies

• Manipulate the key factor you think is causing a
  particular variable
• Independent Variable
• Dependent Variable
• IV (cause) gtgtgt DV (effect)
• Those who listen to music while studying perform
  poorly on tests.

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Steps in an Experiment
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Developmental Designs

• Longitudinal Design
• Cross-sectional Design
• Sequential Design

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Longitudinal vs. Cross-sectional
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Naturalistic Design

• Observation to achieve a thick understanding of
  the phenomenon
• thick multi-level
• Flexible design
• What are the primary adjustments to living in a
  nursing home?
• What factors determine an easy adjustment?

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Ethical Research Practices

• Minimize risk to participants
• Informed consent
• Avoid deception
• Results should be confidential