Canine Search Specialist Training

1
Canine Search Specialist Training

• STM Unit
• Mapping

2
Unit Objective

• Upon completion of this unit, you will possess a
  basic understanding of how maps are used for land
  navigation and be familiar with the practical
  applications of map reading for accurate
  navigation

3
Enabling Objectives

• Define basic mapping terms
• Compare electronic and paper maps
• Describe position format and datum
• Interchange waypoints between GPS unit and paper
  map
• Use a map and GPS unit to navigate

4
The History of Maps

• Primary navigation tool for centuries
• Geospheric Earth to a flat map

Has GPS made maps OBSOLETE?
5
Maps

• Maps incorporate projections and datums
• All maps distort Earth
• Different maps can be used with GPS
• Datum and coordinate system must match

6
Reading Maps
7
Reading Maps USGS Topographical

• Title
• Top Right Corner
• Details
• Bottom Left Margin
• Who made map
• Datums
• UTM Zone
• USNG Zone
• Map Scale
• Center Bottom

8
Reading Maps USGS Topographical

• USNG Grid Reference Box / Legend
• Located in the Key section of map
• May be variations for the 100,000m Square
  Identifications

9
Map Scales

• Relationship between distance on ground and
  distance on map
• Most common
• 124,000 7.5 min
• Scale bars
• Feet and miles
• Meters and kilometers

10
GPS Map Datum

• Over 100 different Datums in GPS
• Listed on bottom of map
• Match map and GPS Datums
• World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84)
• FEMA USR Standard and Aircraft
• North American Datum 1927 (NAD 27)
• USGS Topographical Maps
• For Navigation in Continental United States NAD
  27 CONUS

11
Projections and Datums of the United States
12
Datum Shift
A set of coordinates can yield different
positions due to different datums
WGS72
NAD83/WGS84
NAD27 (true position)
NAD27 Greenland
Bermuda 1957
13
GPS Uses WGS84 and ECEF
User selects the datum and coordinate system for
display purposes only.
Datum
Coordinate System
Receivers processor always performs calculations
in WGS84 and Earth Centered Earth Fixed (ECEF).
14
Coordinate Systems
Different coordinates represent same location
hddd0 mm ss.s N 430 40 55.8 X W 1160 17
14.1 (55.8 / 60 .93) hddd0 mm.mmm N 430
40.93 X W 1160 17.235 (40.93 / 60
.682160) hddd.ddddd0 N 43.682160 X W
116.287250 UTM/UPS 11T 0557442m E 4836621m
N USNG/MGRS 11T NJ 57440 36624
15
Setting GPS to North

• Set GPS to North, True or Magnetic.
• GPS is NOT a compass

16
Key Points to Remember

• For FEMA GPS usage
• Set GPS Datum to WGS84
• Set GPS Coordinate to hdddº mm.mmm
• OR MGRS / USNG
• Set GPS to North, True or Magnetic
• For USGS Topographical Maps
• Datum NAD27 (GPS to NAD27 CONUS)
• Coordinate to hdddº mm ss.s

17
Three Coordinate Systems

• Latitude and Longitude (Lat Long)
• N 430 40 55.8 X W 1160 17 14.1
• Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
• 11T 0557442m E 4836621m N
• United States National Grid (USNG)
• 11TNJ5744036624

18
Latitude and Longitude
19
Latitude and Longitude

• Coordinates expressed in degrees, minutes, and
  seconds (hdddº mm ss.s)
• Coordinate position is based from known reference
  point
• Known reference point is where Prime Meridian and
  Equator intersect
• Lat/long is predominant coordinate system

20
Latitude and Longitude
N
30º
Prime Meridian
20º
10º
30º E
10º
20º
W 30º
10º
20º
Equator

10º
20º
Point of Origin (0º, 0º)
30º
S
21
Latitude and Longitude
Prime Meridian
(Longitude)
Equator
Point of Origin
(Latitude)
22
Longitude

• Meridians that form ½ of a circle
• Designated as W or E of the Prime Meridian
• 0? Prime Meridian extends from North Pole to
  South Pole
• Meridians are angled and are not parallel
• 1? Longitude is 69 miles at Equator
• 1? Longitude is 29 miles at Artic Circle

23
Meridians of Longitude
10º
240 mi
10º
460 miles
10º
690 miles
10º
110º W
120º W
24
Latitude

• Equator is 0? latitude
• Parallel line distance never changes
• 1? Latitude 69 miles anywhere

25
Latitude
40º W
690 miles
30º W
Equator
(Latitude)
690 miles
30º N
20º W
690 miles
0º
10º S
10º W
26
Determining Latitude and Longitude
Prime Meridian
(0º)
50º W
30ºN, 50ºW
30º N
Point of Origin
Equator (0º)
27
USGS 7.5 Map Scale
L A T I T U D E

• Right Scale to the Right Map
• Identify Longitude and Latitude side of scale
• Identify the scale increments

LONGITUDE
7.5 min. scale 124,000
Typical USGS 124K 7.5 min Scale
28
Determining Longitude
Place scale marks on longitude grid lines
7.5 min. scale 124,000
Longitude of square 115º 19' 30"
LONGITUDE
Longitude is not parallel
L A T I T U D E
Meridian Lines
2.5 min
20
115º 17' 30"
29
Determining Latitude
17' 30"
L A T I T U D E
Place scale marks on latitudegrid lines
Latitude of square 44º 16' 50"
2.5 min
LONGITUDE
Latitude is parallel
7.5 min. scale 124,000
44º 15' 00"
30
Task A Determining Lat/Long

• Cut out the provided scale from paper
• Using the provided worksheet, practice
  determining the lat/long of a given spot

31
Task A Determining Lat/Long (continued)

• Worksheet Answers
• N39º 29 15 W124º 4 50
• N39º 29 25 W124º 3 45
• N39º 28 05 W124º 4 50
• N39º 28 51 W124º 4 15

32
Universal Transverse Mercator(UTM)
33
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

• A coordinate system based on Lat/Lon
• Earth divided into 60 UTM zones
• Coordinates expressed as Easting and Northing
• Measured in meters

34
UTM (continued)

• Eastings start at 500,000 M at center line of
  Zone
• Northings center line is the Equator
• Northings start at 0 for Northern Hemisphere
• Northings start at 100,000 for Southern

35
UTM Grid Overlay
36
UTM Zones in the United States
Longitude
1200
960
900
840
780
660
1260
1140
1080
1020
720
37
UTM Zones Comparison
840 N
60
60
60
60
60
60
Equator
800 S
38
Anatomy of the UTM Zone
840 N
increasing
60
0000000 m N
central meridian
Equator
Equator
10000000 m N
decreasing
500000 m E
decreasing
increasing
39
UTM Coordinates

• Coordinates on a USGS Topographic Map
• Example
• Zone 15 S 0343896mE 4302079mN
• Coordinates on a GPS unit
• Example
• 15 S 0343896 4302079

UTM Zone UTM Band Easting in Meters
Northing in Meters
UTM Zone UTM Band Easting in Meters
Northing in Meters
40
Map Tool UTM Corner Ruler
UTM Corner Ruler 10 Meter Accuracy

• Map Preparation
• Tick Marks around Edge
• Pencil and ruler
• Mark UTM Grid Lines

Precision is the key to ACCURACY!
41
Precision Versus Accuracy

• Precision How small an area can be defined or
  plotted
• GPS lat/long coordinates To 1/10 of a second
• UTM coordinates To one meter
• Accuracy How closely a GPS receiver can
  calculate its position relative to its true
  location
• Can vary from a few millimeters to several
  kilometers

42
Plotting UTM Coordinates
1,000 m
Place the corner of the UTM grid reader on the
point to be plotted
4791
UTM grid reader
4790
4789
542
543
541
House coordinates 0541450mE 4789650mN
43
Exercise Plotting UTM Coordinates
44
Exercise Plotting UTM Coordinates

• Plot GPS position
• 10 S 0294324
• 3925702
• Locate
• 0295450 3927600
• 0295200 3926400
• 0294650 3927250
• 0294850 3925100

45
Task B Using USGS Map with GPS Receiver

• Draw lines to grid off a USGS map
• Use a map scale aid to determine a series of
  coordinates on the map
• Convert coordinates using a GPS unit
• Plot coordinates from a GPS unit on a map (WGS84
  and NAD27 Datums)

46
United States National Grid(USNG)
47
United States National Grid (USNG)

• Persons using different brand maps will be able
  to communicate using same grid system
• Paper maps that use the USNG will be easily used
  in conjunction with GPS receivers

48
USNG (continued)

• Supplements conventional street addresses and
  provides locations away from the road network
• Department of Interior
• 1849 C Street NW, Washington, DC 20006
• USNG 18SUJ22850705 (NAD 83)

49
USNG (continued)

• A single system that can be taught to all
  citizens in the school system, and that can be
  used in any community across the nation
• Can be uniformly truncated at various levels of
  precision
• Basis for building a street and feature index
  database that can be used with any map product or
  device that uses the standard grid 

50
USNG How To Read Spatial Address

• Washington Monument in Washington, D.C.
• 18SUJ23480647

51
USNG Coordinate Format

• Alpha-numeric reference system that overlays the
  UTM coordinate system
• A USNG spatial address is broken down into three
  parts
• 18S UJ 23480647
• Grid Zone Designation (World Wide)
• 100,000m Square ID (Regional)
• Grid Coordinates (Local)

52
USNG World-Wide Unique Values

• The world is divided into 60 UTM Zones, each 6
  degrees of longitude wide
• US is covered by Zones 10 through 19
• US is covered by belts R, S, T, and U
• Washington, DC area falls within Grid Zone
  Designation 18S

53
USNG Grid Zone Designation

• 18S UJ 23480647

1200
960
900
840
660
1260
1140
1080
1020
780
720
U
N 480
T
N 400
S
19
N 320
R
10
11
18
12
N 240
17
13
16
14
15
54
USNG Regional Area

• 18S UJ 23480647

• USNG further divides the world into 100,000-meter
  squares
• Squares identified with two letter values
• Letters I and O are not used

55
USNG Local Area

• 18S UJ 23480647

• Read Right Then Up
• Read RIGHT to 23 then another 480 meters
• Read UP to 06 then another 470 meters

4307
480m
470m
4306000mN
322000mE
323
324
56
USNG Local Area Precision

• Abbreviate to the degree of precision you require
  within a local area
• 4 digits - 2306 - 1,000m (neighborhood)
• 6 digits - 234064 - 100m (soccer field)
• 8 digits - 23480647 - 10m (home)
• 10 digits - 2348306479 - 1m (parking spot)

57
10,000 meter Square
1000 meter Square

100 meter square
square
10 meter square

1 meter square 0
14SUJ4325836895
58
Power of Truncated USNG Values

• Any two letter combination will not repeat but
  every 18º longitude and similar area latitude

• UJ 23480647

59
USNG Grid Reference Box / Legend

• Located in the Key section of map
• May be variations for the 100,000m Square
  Identifications

60
USNG Notes

• USNG is Interoperable with MGRS
• 1. USNG uses NAD83/WGS84 by default, NAD 27 must
  be explicitly noted 14SUJ2435045012 (NAD27)
• 2. USNG has unlimited precision. MGRS to 1
  meter
• 3. USNG requires at least two digits following
  MGRS square letters
• 4. USNG can be written with separation14 S UJ
  243 450

61
USNG Creating Grid Search Areas

• Scale USNG to the search box size
• Number of digits determines scale size
• 4 digits - 2306 - 1,000m (neighborhood)
• 6 digits - 234064 - 100m (soccer field)
• 8 digits - 23480647 - 10m (home)
• 10 digits - 2348306479 - 1m (parking spot)

62
USNG Search Grid 4 Digit (1000m)

• 16R BU9261 BU9360

63
USNG Team Assignment Level Grid
68
TN-TF1
MD-TF1
MD-TF1
TN-TF1
TN-TF1
64
PA-TF1
MD-TF1
TN-TF1
TN-TF1
MD-TF1
60
PA-TF1
PA-TF1
PA-TF1
56
88
00
84
92
96
04

• Large Scale Map Using 4 Digit Precision USNG (EX
  BU9462)

64
USNG Team Level Grid Example
604
RS-2
RS-1
RS-2
RS-1
603
RS-2
RS-2
RS-1
RS-1
602
RS-2
RS-2
RS-1
RS-1
RS-2
RS-2
601
RS-2
RS-1
RS-2
RS-1
RS-2
RS-2
600
921
922
924
925
920
923
926

• Large Scale Map Using 4 Digit Precision USNG (EX
  BU921602)

65
USNG Review

• 18S UJ 23480647
• Grid Zone Designation (i.e., 18S)
• 100,000-meter Square Identification (i.e., UJ )
• Grid coordinates are an even number of digits
  ranging from 2 to 10 (i.e., 23480647)
• You always read RIGHT, then UP when plotting
  coordinates
• Customarily written as
• USNG 18SUJ23480647

66
Task C Using USGS Map with USNG Data

• Locate Using Los Angeles USGS Map
• LT853706
• 11SLT86576934
• 8668

Armory County Jail Mary Knoll School
67
Unit Summary and Evaluation
68
Unit Summary

• Define basic mapping terms
• Compare electronic and paper maps
• Describe position format and datum
• Interchange waypoints between GPS unit and paper
  map
• Use a map and GPS unit to navigate

69
Unit Evaluation

• Please complete the evaluation for this unit