Perspectives, Orientations, Paradigms, Models

1
Perspectives, Orientations, Paradigms, Models

• Early Focus
• Structuralism--Wundt, Titchener Consciousness
• Functionalism--William James Consciousness
• (Psychodynamic)-- Freud
• Began early, primary influence later

2
Perspectives, Orientations, Paradigms, Models

• Modern Focus
• Psychodynamic--Freud Unconscious Influences
• Behaviorism--Watson, Skinner Observable
  behaviors,
• Environmental influences
• Cognitive--Simon, Chomsky Mental Processes
• Biological Heredity, neuroscience,
• hormonal influences, etc.

3
Perspectives, Orientations, Paradigms, Models

• Modern Focus
• Humanistic--Rogers, Maslow Personal growth,
  self- actualization. Limited mostly
  to personality and abnormal behavior
  study
• Evolutionary--Buss Adaptive significance
• Socio-cultural Culture, group behaviors
• (anthropology, sociology,
• political science)

4
Schools/Perspectives of Psychology Time Line

• 1890s Functionalism William James, John
  Dewey
• 1892 Structuralism Titchenor
• 1900s Psychodynamic perspective Freud
• 1913 Behaviorism John B. Watson
• 1940s-1970 Behaviorism continues Skinner
• 1950s Humanistic Psychology Rogers, Maslow
• 1960s-present Cognitive revolution Simon
• 1960s-present Biological perspective
  rejuvenated

5
Psychologys Closest Academic Relatives

• Sociology Anthropology
• Psychology
• Biology

6
Psychology and Links to Other Academic Fields

• Engineering
• Artificial Intelligence, Industrial Design,
  Ergonomics, Human Factors Psychology Human
  Computer interaction
• Architecture
• Urban Design, Crowding, Personal Space
• Music
• Creativity, Music Learning and Memory, Cognitive
  Processes
• Business
• Management, decision making, organizational
  behavior, employee selection, work motivation,
  productivity, job satisfaction, advertising
  (Industrial/Organizational Psychology)

7
Psychology and Links to Other Academic Fields

• Physics
• Psychophysics, Sensory Psychology (Sensation and
  Perception)
• Biochemistry
• Molecular Psychology Brain Chemistry,
  Biochemistry of Emotion, Drugs and how they work
• Biology
• Animal Behavior, Evolutionary Psychology,
  Neurobiology Behavior Genetics
• Applied Mathematics
• Statistics Mathematical models of learning,
  decision making, problem solving, reasoning

8
Psychology and Links to Other Academic Fields

• Literature
• Psychological Novels, Psychological Analyses of
  Characters, Character Development,
  Motivation, Psychological Plots
• History
• Psychological interpretations of events in
  history, what led great people to do what they
  did (Psychohistories)
• Economics
• Economic decision making theories of why people
  spend and save (rational man)

9
Psychology and Links to Other Academic Fields

• Political Science
• Political Psychology Why do people vote the way
  they do, what determines what issues they care
  about persuasion, organizational behavior
• Philosophy
• Epistemology, Cognitive Science, Philosophy of
  Science

10
Research Specialties that Straddle
BoundariesBetween Psychology and Some other
Disciplines

• Psychology/Business
• Industrial Organizational Psychology
• Management
• Psychology/Medicine
• Health Psychology
• Neuroscience
• Clinical Psychology
• Psychology/Law
• Forensic Psychology

11
Research Specialties that Straddle
BoundariesBetween Psychology and Some other
Disciplines

• Psychology/Computer Science
• Artificial Intelligence
• Human-Computer Interaction
• Psychology/Engineering
• Engineering Psychology
• Ergonomics
• Human Factors Psychology
• Psychology/Education
• Psychometrics
• Testing Measurement
• Child Development

12
Scientific Psychology vs Professional Psychology

• Scientific Psychology
• Research
• Laboratories
• Universities
• Medical Schools
• Research Institutes
• Government

• ProfessionalPsychology
• Practice, Services, Consulting
• Private Practice
• Clinical Settings
• Business Industry
• Schools
• Government

13
Definitions Goals

• Definition
• Psychology is defined as the scientific study of
  the behavior of individuals and their mental
  processes. What does that mean?
• Goals of Psychology
• The goals of the psychologist conducting basic
  research are to describe, explain, predict, and
  control behavior. The applied psychologist has a
  fifth goal--to improve the quality of human life.
  These goals form the basis of the psychological
  enterprise.

14
Definition

• Psychology is defined as the scientific study of
  the behavior of individuals and their mental
  processes. What does that mean?

15
Goals of Psychology

• The goals of the psychologist conducting basic
  research are to describe, explain, predict, and
  control behavior. The applied psychologist has a
  fifth goal--to improve the quality of human life.
  These goals form the basis of the psychological
  enterprise.

16
The Diversity of Psychological Inquiry 3

• Who Addresses It?
• Cognitive Psychologists
• Learning Educational Psychologists
• Psychometricians

• Questions
• Why did I give the wrong answer?
• What is the best way to study?
• Can I devise a test to measure creativity?