PowerPoint Presentation Radio and the Origins of Broadcasting

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• For hard-core music lovers, the Zunes a gem.
  It blows the iPod off the map in music discovery
  and downloading.

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Radio and the Origins of Broadcasting
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Novelty Stage

• Samuel morse
• Telegraph (wires)
• Morse Code
• Video of telegraph

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Novelty Stage

• what about wireless?
• How do you transmit a signal through the AIR?

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Novelty Stage

• 2. James Maxwell
• His equations theorized that electricity,
  magnetism and even light are all manifestations
  of the same phenomenon the electromagnetic
  field.

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Novelty Stage

• 3. Heinrich Hertz
• Proved Maxwells theories
• Identified Electromagnetic waves

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Novelty Stage

• Hertz (Hz) can be used to measure any periodic
  event the most common use for hertz is to
  describe frequency of rotation, in which case a
  speed of 1 Hz is equal to one cycle per second.

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Novelty Stage

• 4. THREE GUYS WHO INVENTED THE DEVICE TO
  TRANSMIT A SIGNAL THROUGH THE AIR (1894)
• A. Guglielmo Marconi vs.
• B. NiKola Tesla vs.
• C. Alexander Popov
• Who invented Wireless telegraphy?

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Novelty Stage
MARCONI
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• Marconis Invention (Dramatization)
• HAD IMPLICATIONS FOR SHIP TO SHORE TRAVEL

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• Tesla

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• POPOV

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Novelty Stage

• POPOV (Dramatization)

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• Tele far off Telegraph
• Graph writing Telephone
• Phone sound Phonograph
• W I R E L E S S T E L E G R A P H

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Novelty Stage

• 5. Reginald Fessenden
• Wireless telephony
• transmitted voice and sound

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Novelty Stage

• 6. Lee De Forest
• Wireless telephony
• amplified sound
• (monkey face)

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Novelty Stage
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Entrepreneurial Stage
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Entrepreneurial Stage

• Ship-to-shore communication

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Entrepreneurial Stage

• David Sarnoff and the Titanic

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Entrepreneurial Stage

• Wireless became a huge hobby

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Entrepreneurial Stage

• "I remember it was 10 or 11 o'clock at night and
  all at once, this voice appears. And I remember
  letting out a yelp or a shout of some sort and my
  dad, who had just gotten out of the bath, came in
  wrapped in a towel to make sure... that something
  hadn't happened to me. I said, 'Dad, look, I hear
  this fellow talking.'"

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Some Key Developments

• Radio Act of 1912
• You need a LICENSE to operate a radio
• WWI
• Radio is an important war tool
• U.S. wants to control Global radio

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Some Key Developments

• 1915 Over 20 companies selling point-to-point
  radio equipment
• e.g.
• ATT (transmitters)
• General electric (U.S.) (Receivers)
• American Marconi (Britain) (both)
• (marconi was the biggest and best)

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Some Key Developments

• U.S. develops a plan to ensure powerful radio
  technology would fall under U.S. control.
• 1. Establish new company, anchored by GE, called
  RCA (Radio Corporation of America), To pool
  patents. RCA is a private-sector monopoly.
• 2. Using GE, weaken British Marconi by not
  selling them key components, and then BUY its
  american assets (american Marconi)
• 3. Use RCA to oversee radio patents from GE,
  ATT, Westinghouse, American Marconi and the
  navy. Standardization.
• The beginning of American domination over
  communication technology

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Some Key Developments

• THE UK MODEL In 1904, Great Britain decides to
  develop A state-supported broadcasting system.
• The UK Funds the BBC
• (British Broadcasting Corporation)

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Mass Medium Stage
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Mass Medium Stage

• KDKA, Pittsburgh, 1920. First station to
  broadcast music and talk (disputed)
• BROADCASTING
• vs. POINT-to-POINT
• First ads, 1922

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Radio a DEMOCRATIC medium

• Education
• Religion
• Workers
• Businesses (jewelry stores)
• Entertainment
• News
• (VIDEO Radio Network Broadcasting)

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• Tufts University, 1922

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• Education

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Mass Medium Stage

• KDKA, Pittsburgh, 1920. First commercial radio
  station
• First ads, 1922

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• Assembling Radios, 1925

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2 KEY NETWORKS

• 1. ATT creates network of stations, linking
  together with long distance lines
• BCA (Broadcast Corp. of America)
• ATT SEES RADIO AS A WAY TO ENHANCE TELEPHONE
  BUSINESS

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NETWORKS

• 2. RCA creates a network as subsidiary, linked
  with (INFERIOR) Western Union lines
• Radio Group (w/ GE and Westinghouse)
• VIDEO HOW TELEGRAPHS FUNCTION (WESTERN UNION)

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NETWORKS

• BROADCASTING CORPORATION
• OF AMERICA (ATT/BCA) superior
• VS.
• RADIO GROUP (RCA) inferior

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Mass Medium Stage

• Government cracks down on ATT FOR MONOPOLIZING
  RADIO COMMUNICATIONS, forces it to sell network
  (DATE)
• RCA organizes two networks as
• NBC Red (ATT lines)
• NBC Blue (Western Union lines)
• NATIONAL BROADASTING CORPORATION (NBC)

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Mass Medium Stage

• CBS, 1928. William Paley uses option time to
  woo affiliates from NBC.
• ABC, 1941. FCC outlaws option time. forces RCA to
  sell one of its NBC networks, which becomes ABC.
• By 1940s, NBC, CBS, and ABC established as Big 3
  networks.

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Radio Rules

• Radio Act of 1912 required a license
• Radio Act of 1927 Establishes FRC and standard
  of operating in the public interest,
  convenience, or necessity (PICON)
• Communications Act of 1934
• Establishes FCC, keeps PICON standard.
• Congress endorses commercial radio.

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COMMERCIAL RADIO DISPUTED

• Cant something be done about the tremendous
  quantity of rotten advertising coming over the
  radios?PLEASE! I know beyond all doubt that a
  very very large majority of people of this
  country do not want the time we are getting as
  entertainment...I will say that I have heard it
  discussed in many sections, many even going to
  the extent of trying to arrange community
  boycotts of products advertised over the radio
• --1931

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Radio Culture 1930sgolden age of radio

• People across America were sharing the same
  stories (creating consensus narratives)
• E.g., Inner Sanctum
• Amos N Andy
• Roosevelt fireside
• chats
• War of the Worlds

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• Hindenburg Disaster, 1937 (video)

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Clear Channels

• WSM 650 (Nashville)
• WFAN660 (New York)
• WMAQ 670 (Chicago)
• WLW 700 (Cincinnati)
• WOR 710 (New York)
• WGN 720 (Chicago)
• WSB 750 (Atlanta)
• WJR 760 (Detroit)
• WABC 770 (New York)
• WBBM 780 (Chicago)
• WBAP 820 (Fort Worth)

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Clear Channels

• WCCO 830 (Minneapolis)
• WHAS 840 (Louisville)
• WWL 870 (New Orleans)
• WCBS 880 (New York)
• WLS 890 (Chicago)
• WBZ1030 (Boston)
• WHO 1040 (Des Moines)
• WWWE 1100 (Cleveland)
• WHAM 1180 (Rochester)
• WOAI 1200 (San Antonio)
• WGMP 1210 (Philadelphia)
• KIRO 710 (Seattle)

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Clear Channels

• KFI 640 (Los Angeles)
• KDKA 1020 (Pittsburgh)
• KMOX 1120 (St. Louis)
• KSL 1160 (Salt Lake City)
• Why the W and the K??

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Radio Culture

• Radios survival in the wake of TV
• Format radio
• Todd Storz,Omaha, Top 40 format
• Radio Deejays/Payola

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Radio Culture today
There evolved a variety of formats each one
geared to a SPECIFIC target audience

• News/Talk, 18
• Adult Contemporary, 14
• CHR, 11
• Hispanic, 10.2
• Urban, 9.9
• Country, 9
• Rock, 8.2
• Oldies, 5.7
• Other, 14

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Radio OWNERSHIP

• FCC OWNERSHIP CONSTRAINTS
• 1950-80 7 AM, 7 FM, 7 TV Stations
• Late 1980s 20 AM, 20 FM, 12 TV Stations
• 1996 Telecommunication Act
• You cant reach 35 of national audience
• 2003 You cant reach 45
• FCC used to enforce BROADCAST DIVERSITY
• (NOT ANYMORE)

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Radio ownership

• Clear Channel owns
• Over 1,190 stations
• Premiere Radio network (syndicates programs to
  6,500 other stations
• 240 international stations
• 40 TV stations
• Largest Billboard/outdoor sign business
• Largest live event promoter
• SFX (talent and sports star agency)
• Broadway, Cable, network, films

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Radio ownership

• Empire of the air/video (740)

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Radio Culture

• Pirate Radio/Low Power FM
• National Public Radio
• PBS 1968
• NPR 1970
• BBC
• Satellite Radio XM and Sirius (merge is on the
  cusp of approval)
• Zune, etc.

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Radio Culture

• Internet radio services
• PANDORA
• Last.fm
• Launchcast (yahoo)
• Rhapsody (Realnetwork)
• Guideposts
• Pitchfork
• Emusic

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• If Pandora and other customizable services take
  off (and so far thats a big if), they could
  shift the balance of power not just in how music
  is consumed, but in how it is made. You now have
  music fans that are completely enabled as
  editorial voices, said Michael Nash, senior vice
  president for digital strategy and business
  development at Warner Music Group, one of the
  four major music conglomerates. You cant fool
  those people. You cant put out an album with one
  good single on it. Those days are over.

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• But if fans become their own gatekeepers, the
  emerging question is what sort they will be. Will
  they use services like Pandora to refine their
  choices so narrowly that they close themselves
  off to new surprises? Or will they use the
  services to seek out mass shared experiences in
  an increasingly atomized music world?