CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

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CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

• Security
• Lighting

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Alan D. Duer, CPP

• Security Analyzer
• Baltimore Gas and Electric Company
• 7309 Windsor Mill Road
• Baltimore, MD. 21244
• phone [phone]
• fax [phone]
• e mail alan.d.duer_at_bge.com

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CPTED

• 90 of crime occurs after dark
• Proper lighting enables law abiding citizens to
  observe / report crime and to identify suspects.
• It makes people feel safe.

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Lighting Terminology

• Light Radiant energy that excites the retina of
  the eye.
• Lumen Volume of light
• Candlepower Intensity of light in a specific
  location.
• Foot Candle amount of light a candle gives off
  in a square foot area.
• Illuminance Light on an object

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Lighting Terminology

• Lux metric measurement of illumination
• Lumen measurement of light at its source and the
  amount of light output.
• LuminaireThe complete light fixture with the
  light source and ballast.
• Light trespassLight pollution in unintended
  areas.
• HID High Intensity Discharge Lamp

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Lighting Terminology

• LPW Lumens per watt, a measurement of efficiency
• Ballast A device used with an electric discharge
  lamp to obtain the necessary voltage and current
  to start and operate the lamp.
• Uniformity Relative Illuminance, lighting that
  doesnt allow dark areas in parking lots.

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LIGHTING SOURCES

• 1) Incandescent
• 2) Quartz, Quartz-Halogen
• 3) Fluorescent
• 4) Mercury Vapor
• 5) Metal Halide
• 6) Low Pressure Sodium
• 7) High Pressure Sodium

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Incandescent Lighting

• Lamp which produces light by using electric
  current to heat a filament

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Incandescent Lighting

• ADVANTAGES
• 1) Instant on
• 2) Low initial cost
• 3) Excellent color rendition
• 4) Can be dimmed
• 5) Compact in size

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Incandescent Lighting

• DISADVANTAGES
• 1) Short Life ( 500-5000 hrs.)
• 2) Inefficient to Operate
• 3) High Heat Output

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Halogen Quartz Halogen

• Lamps are incandescent bulbs with halogen gas
  (like sealed -beam auto headlights)

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Halogen Quartz Halogen

• Advantages
• 1) Good color rendition
• 2) 25 better efficiency than ordinary
  incandescent bulbs.

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Halogen Quartz Halogen

• Disadvantages
• 1) High heat output
• 2) Inefficient

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Fluorescent

• Lamps that pass electricity through a gas
  enclosed tube to create light
• Usually used indoors and in some cases for signage

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Fluorescent

• Advantages
• 1) They create twice the light less than
  half the heat of an incandescent bulb of equal
  wattage.
• 2) Long life (10,000 - 15,000 hrs.)
• 3) Efficient
• 4) Good color rendition

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Fluorescent

• Disadvantages
• 1) Temperature sensitive

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Mercury Vapor

• A high intensity discharge device which produces
  light by excitation of mercury vapors (also
  passes electricity through a gas)
• Emits a bluish white light

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Mercury Vapor

• Advantages
• 1) Long life (16 - 24,000 hrs.)
• 2) Low initial cost

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Mercury Vapor

• Disadvantages
• 1) Inefficient operation
• 2) Light output drops over life (2 - 3 yrs.)
• 3) Delayed hot restart

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Metal Halide

• High intensity discharge arc tube in which light
  is produced by the radiation of exited metal
  halides
• 100 watt bulb lasts 10,000 hrs.

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Metal Halide

• Advantages
• 1) Excellent color rendition
• 2) Sparkling white light
• a) imitates daylight conditions
• b) used in sports stadiums, car dealer
• lots, etc.
• 3) Works well with CCTV

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Metal Halide

• Disadvantages
• 1) Hot restart can take several minutes
• 2) High initial cost
• 3) Most expensive light to install and
  maintain

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High Pressure Sodium

• High intensity discharge arc tube in which light
  is produced by radiation from sodium vapor
  operating under pressure

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High Pressure Sodium

• Advantages
• 1) Very Efficient - 20-28,000 hrs. life
• 2) Can cut through fog and allow the eyes
  to see detail
  at greater distance
• ( used on streets parking lots )
• 3) In some cases it can be used with CCTV
  

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High Pressure Sodium

• Disadvantages
• 1) High initial cost of fixtures
• 2) Hot restart can take several minutes

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Low Pressure Sodium

• High intensity discharge arc tube in which light
  is produced by radiation from sodium vapor
  operating under pressure
• Emits a dull yellow /gold hew

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Low Pressure Sodium

• Advantages
• 1) Very efficient ( 20 - 24,000 hrs. life, a 90
  watt bulb may last 16,000 hrs.)
• 2) May be used to combat prostitution, drug
  dealing, or illuminate an area just to detect
  movement.

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Low Pressure Sodium

• Disadvantage
• 1) Poorest color rendition

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Security Lighting Recommendations

• 1) Illuminate entrances, fire escapes, etc.
  with bright white light.
• 2) Parking lots should be illuminated with
  bright white lights that allows for
  uniformity, (not allowing any dark areas in
  the parking lot).
• 3) Implement a maintenance policy

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Security Lighting Recommendations

• 4) Parking lots should be illuminated so one
  can identify a human face at 33 ft.,(3 foot
  candles vertically above the surface).
• 5) Wire cages or industrial strength shatter
  resistant lenses should be placed over the
  light to deter vandalism.
• 6) Position lights to avoid glare areas
  blind spots.

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Parking Lot Illumination

• The general rule of thumb involving the
  installation of lighting in parking lots, is the
  height of the light pole multiplied by 4 will
  give the distance the light poles should be apart.

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Building Illumination

• The general rule of thumb involving the
  installation of wall packs, (lights on the sides
  of a building), is the height of the wall pack
  multiplied by 6 will give the distance the wall
  packs should be apart.

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Lighting Benefits

• 1) Less vandalism
• 2) Fewer Break-ins
• 3) Improved morale safety / security
• 4) Fewer assaults
• 5) Premise liability enhanced
• 6) Increased curbside appeal
• 7) Increased building value
• 8) Improved Productivity
• 9) Increased utilization of public areas
  resulting in
  more natural surveillance

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National Institute of Justice

• Research in Brief - April 1996
• The most important CPTED security feature is
  lighting. Lighting should meet standards of the
  Illuminating Engineering Society of North
  America.
• The most important CPTED security feature a city
  can mandate is lighting.

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THE END

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