Information Systems

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Information Systems

• Lecture 11,12,13
• IT Fundamentals
• (Database Management Systems)
• (Telecommunications Networks)
• By Farhan Mir

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Lecture Administration

• Comments on Assignment 1
• Database Management Systems
• Basic Concepts
• Traditional File Based Environment
• Database Approach
• Components of a Database System
• Types of Databases
• New Trends in Databases
• Management Issues

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Basic Concepts

• Data the starting point in Information Systems
• Data Management
• Data basically stored in the form of files and
  databases
• Data Management Hierarchy
• Bit-Byte-Field-Record-File-Database
• Issues
• Content
• Access
• Organization
• Accuracy
• Integrity
• Security
• Privacy
• Cost
• Design (in the light of above issues)
• User Interface

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File Based Systems

• Data properly identified and understood when
  stored in a file (e.g. Customer File, Invoice)
• In File processing, data is physically
  arranged/organized in files
• Display Terminals Started the concept of handling
  data in files
• Working of File based system
• Application Program Data Files
• File management software
• Issues
• Multiple file usage(integrating data from 2 or
  more files)
• Data Redundancy
• Data Updation
• Slow Processing
• Advantages
• In-expensive
• Simple to use

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Database Management

• The need to access data quickly
• A collection of software designed to provide a
  complete approach to organize and access
  organizational data
• Flexible access
• Independent Files may be utilized to generate new
  reports
• Example of a Bank Customer asking queries
  regarding his various accounts
• Database Environment
• Users, Programmers, Application Programs,
  Database, Utility Programs
• User Interface
• Example of Oracle (developer)

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Advantages Disadvantages

• Advantages
• Flexibility
• Faster Response
• Multiple Access
• Less Storage
• Integrity
• Overall Management
• Disadvantages
• High Cost
• Initial purchase cost
• Hardware Requirements
• Professionals
• Complexity
• Disaster Recovery issues

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Database Management for Larger Systems

• Large Database Environment
• Increased Complexity
• Transactional Data and Networking Needs
• Experts Needed to develop and maintain the
  databases
• Multiple Users
• Security Requirements
• Database Administration
• Data Administrator (what data will be stored) Vs.
• Database Administrator (who actually creates
  maintain database, interacts with users
  participants to evaluate needs)
• Relational Databases

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Relational Databases.

• Independent Tables
• Relationship through primary secondary keys
• SQL
• Select
• Project
• Join
• Authorization
• Compatibility with Existing Applications
• Database Security
• Data Dictionaries
• Distributed Databases

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New Trends in Databases

• Object Oriented
• Objects
• Reusability
• Advance needs of Software Engineering
• Multimedia
• Merchandising
• Training
• Education
• Image Processing
• Outside Database Providers

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References

• Charles Parker, Thomas Case. (2000). Management
  Information Systems Action Strategy. (2nd
  Ed). Chapter 7
• Kenneth C. Laudon Jane P. Laudon (2001).
  Management Information Systems Managing a
  Digital Firm.(7th Ed). Chapter 7

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Telecommunication Networks

• Telecommunication and Networks
• Networking Hardware Software Connecting Media
• Internet, Intranet and Extranet
• Internet E-Commerce
• Electronic Communications
• Management Issues

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Telecommunication Networks

• Telecommunication
• Sending of information in any form
  (voice,data,text,graphics) from one place to
  another using electronic and light-media
• Traditional stand-alone systems Vs.
  Inter-organizational systems.
• The Need for employees to work collaboratively
• Time
• Instant/quick information requests
• Geographical needs
• Alliances
• EDI
• Processing Needs
• Distributed Environment
• Sharing
• The systems and system resources

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Telecommunication Networks

• Role and Scope of Telecommunication in Business
• Organizational Collaboration
• Information Exchange
• Business Communication
• Formal Informal
• E-Commerce
• Tele-working Environment (an increasing trend)
• Example System Maintenance and Disaster Recovery
  
• Another Example Idea Generators in Fashion
  Design Industry
• Virtual Universities (E-Learning/ Distance
  Learning)
• The Need for Protocols
• File Transfer
• Sharing Resources

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Telecommunication

• Telecommunication Model
• Terminals
• Telecommunication Processors
• Telecommunication Channels
• Computers
• Control Software
• Types
• LAN
• WAN
• Intranets/Extranets
• Client/Server Networks

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Networking Hardware, Software Connecting Media

• Hardware
• LAN Cards
• Modems
• Multiplexers
• Switches
• Routers
• Hubs
• Exchanges
• Software
• O/S
• Web Browsers
• Middleware
• Security
• Encryption

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Networking Hardware, Software Connecting Media

• Media
• Cables
• Coaxial
• Twisted-Pair
• Fiber Optics
• Satellite
• Microwave
• Cellular Phone
• Topologies
• Single-line
• Star
• Ring
• Bus

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Internet E-Commerce

• Internet
• Network of Networks
• Expansion Rate (Web Presence Users)
• Most Common Utilization
• Communication
• Data Interchange
• Information Retrieval
• News Discussion Platform
• And ofcourse new business horizon
• E-Commerce
• E-Transactions, E-Business
• Set of integrated activities
• Simply having a good website will not guarantee
  success
• Web Presence a key characteristics
• Information regarding Organizational
  Products/Services
• Mechanism for secure transactions

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E-Commerce

• Types of E-Commerce
• B2C (Business to Consumer)
• B2B (Business to Business)
• Business Transformation
• The Need to develop e-strategies
• Example CRM (Customer Relation Management)
• The New Way of marketing
• Interactive Marketing
• One-one customer relationship
• The Need for E-Commerce
• Customer Interaction
• Customized services (Multiple Services through
  single Channel at same time)
• Bypassing traditional intermediaries

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E-Commerce.

• E-Commerce Essentials
• Merchant Systems
• Online Shopping Mall
• Payment Systems
• Wallets (online payments activities)
• Live Payments
• Security Checks
• Publishing Systems
• Community Systems
• Memberships
• Funds Payments activities
• The Current Picture
• The Bubble Burst
• Failure Success Stories
• E-Commerce, is it Product/Business Sensitive?

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Management Concerns

• The Need for Network
• Requirement Analysis
• Size of Organization and activities
• Business needs
• Alliances
• Geographical operations
• Integration Control
• Hardware/Software Choice
• Vendor Selection
• ISPs, Communication Media Vendors
• Telecommunication Networking Issues
• Security
• Telecommunication devices and the access
• Privacy
• Maintenance
• Keeping the blood flowing in the Network
• Question regarding new technologies and Disaster
  recovery

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Concerns.

• Structural Changes
• Cultural Changes
• The issues of face-to-face interaction
• To Cope with faster pace of activities
• The need to respond accurately and precisely on
  the right time
• Example of Backup Officer/ Information Officer
• Backup Issues
• You cant simply rely on the Continuity of the
  Network
• Need to develop alternatives
• Both in the context of technology and strategies
• Many Factors
• Failure of Technology
• Inability of the Users
• Special Situations

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References

• Charles Parker, Thomas Case. (2000). Management
  Information Systems Action Strategy. (2nd
  Ed). Chapter 8
• Kenneth C. Laudon Jane P. Laudon (2001).
  Management Information Systems Managing a
  Digital Firm.(7th Ed). Chapters 5 6
• James OBrien. (1998). Introduction to
  Information Systems A Networked Enterprise
  Perspective. (2nd Ed). Chapter 5, 6, 7