Energy Balance and Body Composition

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Energy Balance and Body Composition
Studying 1 or 2 kcalories/minute
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Energy Balance
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Food Composition

• Bomb calorimeter

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Food Composition

• Direct calorimetry vs. indirect calorimetry
• Physiological fuel value

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Food Intake

• Hunger
• Appetite
• Satiation
• Satiety

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Food Intake
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Food Intake

• Overriding hunger and satiety
• Stress eating
• Sustaining satiation and satiety
• satiating

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Food Intake

• Sustaining satiation and satiety
• lower-fat foods can be eaten in larger portions
  for the same number of kcalories

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Food Intake

• Hypothalamus
• Neuropeptide Y

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Thermogenesis

• Basal thermogenesis
• Exercise-induced thermogenesis
• Diet-induced thermogenesis
• Adaptive thermogenesis

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Components of Energy Expenditure
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Components of Energy Expenditure

• Basal metabolism
• Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
• Resting metabolic rate (RMR)

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Components of Energy Expenditure

• Physical activity

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Components of Energy Expenditure

• Thermic effect of food (TEF)
• Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT)

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Estimating Energy Requirements

• Gender
• Growth
• Age

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Estimating Energy Requirements

• Physical activity
• Body composition
• Body size

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Body Weight, Body Composition, and Health

• Body composition
• Body weight fat lean tissue (including water)

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Defining Healthy Body Weight

• The criterion of fashion BMI of Miss America

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Defining Healthy Body Weight

• The criterion of health
• Body mass index (BMI)
• weight (kg)/height (m)2

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BMI Values Used to Assess Weight
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Distribution of Body Weights in U.S. Adults
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Body Fat and Its Distribution
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Body Fat and Its Distribution

• Some people need less body fat
• Some people need more body fat

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Body Fat and Its Distribution

• Fat distribution
• Intra-abdominal fat
• Central obesity

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Body Fat and Its Distribution

• Waist circumference-according to some...if its
  anything over 35, its too much!

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Body Fat and Its Distribution

• Other measures of body composition
• Fatfold measure
• Hydrodensitometry
• Bioelectrical impedance

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Body Fat and Its Distribution

• Other measures of body composition
• Air displacement plethysmography
• Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

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Methods Used to Assess Body Fat
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Health Risks Associated With Body Weight and Body
Fat

• Health risks of underweight
• Health risks of overweight

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BMI and Mortality
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Health Risks Associated With Body Weight and Body
Fat

• Cardiovascular disease
• Diabetes

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• Cancer
• Fat and fit versus sedentary and slim

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The Latest and Greatest Weight-Loss Diet - Again

• The claims and truths of diet fads

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The Latest and Greatest Weight-Loss Diet - Again

• High-protein, low carbohydrate diets
• The diets appeal

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The Latest and Greatest Weight-Loss Diet - Again

• High-protein, low carbohydrate diets
• Dont count kcalories
• Satisfy hunger
• Follow a plan
• Limit choices

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The Latest and Greatest Weight-Loss Diet - Again

• High-protein, low carbohydrate diets
• Too much fat
• Too much protein
• Too little everything else
• The bodys perspective

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