The Solar System

1
The Solar System

• Chapter 2

2
Models of the Solar System

• In the geocentric model, Earth is at the center
  of the revolving planets.
  
• Aristotle stated that the earth was in the center
  of the solar system.
  
• Ptolemy stated that the earth was in the center
  of the universe. He thought that the planets
  moved in small circles as they moved around the
  sun.

3
Models of the Solar System

• In the heliocentric model, Earth and the other
  planets revolve around the sun.
  
• This model was developed by Nicolaus Copernicus.

4
Galileo

• Used a telescope to view the solar system.
• Observed the four larger moons that orbited
  Jupiter.
  
• Observed the phases of Venus

5
Brahe Kepler

• Brahe carefully observed the positions of the
  planets.
  
• Kepler had wrote laws that explained the behavior
  of planets orbiting the sun.

6
Keplers Laws of Motion

• LAW 1 The orbit of a planet/comet about the Sun
  is an ellipse with the Sun's center of mass at
  one focus

7
Keplers Laws of Motion

• LAW 2 A line joining a planet/comet and the Sun
  sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time

8
Keplers Laws of Motion

• LAW 3 The farther a planet is from the sun, the
  longer the orbital period.

9
Forces that Keeps Planets in Orbit Around the Sun

• Newton concluded that two factors, inertia
  gravity, combine to keep the planets in orbit.
  
• Inertia is tendency of an object to resist a
  change in motion.
  
• Gravity is the force that attract all objects
  toward each other.

10
The Sun

• The sun produces its energy from nuclear fusion
  (core must reach 15 million degree Celsius).
  
• Suns Atmosphere
• The photosphere is the inner layer of the sun
  that makes light.
  
• The chromosphere is the middle layer and produces
  color.
  
• The corona is the outer layer of the sun and
  produces ultraviolet radiation.
  

11
Solar Features

• Solar winds are a stream of electrically charged
  particles coming from the corona.
  
• Sunspots are areas of gas on the sun that are
  cooler than the gases around them.
  
• Prominences are reddish loops of gas.
• Solar flares are large explosions of gas on
  photosphere.
  

12
Inner Planets

• Total of eight planets in our solar system.
• The inner planets are also called the terrestrial
  planets.
  
• Small in Size.
• Have rocky surfaces.

13
Mercury

• Mercury is 0.4 AU from the sun.
• Diameter is 4,878 km.
• Rotates every 59 days.
• Revolves around the sun every 88 days.
• Very thin atmosphere.
• 0 moons.
• Temperature between -170oC to 430oC.
• Very heavily cratered.

14
Venus

• Venus is 0.7 AU from the sun.
• Diameter is 12,104 km.
• Rotates every 243 days (retrograde).
• Revolves around the sun every 225 days.
• Very thick atmosphere of CO2.
• 0 moons.
• Temperature 460oC (Greenhouse Effect).
• Sulfuric acid rain.

15
Earth

• Earth is 1.0 AU from the sun.
• Diameter is 12,756 km.
• Rotates every 24 hours.
• Revolves around the sun every 365.25 days.
• Atmosphere of 78 nitrogen and 21 oxygen.
• 1 moons.
• Temperature ?oC.
• 70 of Earths surface is covered by water.

16
Mars

• Mars is 1.5 AU from the sun.
• Diameter is 6794 km.
• Rotates every 24 hours.
• Revolves around the sun every 687 days.
• Thin atmosphere of CO2.
• 2 moons(Phobos Deimos).
• Temperature -153oC to 20oC.
• Polar caps of dry ice.
• Olympus mons is the largest volcano in the solar
  system.
  

17
Asteriod Belt

• Asteroids are objects revolving around the sun
  that are too small and too numerous to be
  considered planets.
  
• The asteroid belt is located between Mars and
  Jupiter.
  
• Asteroids include Ceres, Pallas, Juno and Vesta.
• Over 300 asteroids have been identified.

18
What keeps planets revolving around the sun?

• The suns gravitational pull.
• The Planets mass.
• The planets magnetic field.
• The Suns inertia.

19
Outer Planets (Jovian Planets)

• Found outside the asteroid belt between the
  asteroids and the Kuiper Belt.
  
• These planets are large and made of gas.

20
Jupiter

• Jupiter is 5.2 AU from the sun.
• Diameter is 142,984 km.
• Rotates every 9.9 hours.
• Revolves around the sun every 11.9 years.
• Thick atmosphere of hydrogen Helium.
• 63 moons (Io, Europa, Callisto Ganymede).
• Temperature -110oC.
• Great Red spot is a large storm.
• Has a ring system.

21
Saturn

• Saturn is 9.6 AU from the sun.
• Diameter is 120,536 km.
• Rotates every 10.7 hours.
• Revolves around the sun every 29.4 years.
• Thick atmosphere of hydrogen helium.
• 60 moons (Titan).
• Temperature -140oC.
• Has an extensive ring system.

22
Uranus

• Uranus is 19.1 AU from the sun.
• Diameter is 51,200 km.
• Rotates every 17.3 hours.
• Revolves around the sun every 84 years.
• Thick atmosphere of hydrogen helium, with
  traces of methane.
  
• 27 moons.
• Temperature -195oC.
• Has a ring system.
• Axis is tilted 90o.

23
Neptune

• Neptune is 30 AU from the sun.
• Diameter is 49,500 km.
• Rotates every 16.1 hours.
• Revolves around the sun every 165 years.
• Thick atmosphere of hydrogen helium.
• 13 moons (Triton).
• Temperature -200oC.
• Has an ring system.
• Had a Great Dark Spot that has since disappeared.

24
Kuiper Belt

• The region of the Solar System beyond the planets
  extending from the orbit of Neptune (at 30 AU) to
  approximately 55 AU from the Sun.

25
Oort Cloud Comets

• The Oort cloud is where the comets are found.
• Comets are dirty snowballs that orbit the sun.
• A comet has a head and tail, the head is made of
  the nucleus and coma.
  
• The tail of the comet always points away from the
  sun because of the solar winds.
  
• Halleys comet appears every 76 years.

26
Meteoroids, Meteors Meteorites

• Meteoroids are pieces of rocks flying through
  space.
  
• Meteors are meteoroids that have entered the
  earths atmosphere, burning up because of
  friction.
  
• Meteorites are meteors that reach the surface of
  earth.

27
Life Beyond Earth

• Goldilocks condtions
• Liquid water.
• Suitable temperature.
• Atmosphere.
• The Drake Equation
• RThe number of suitable stars.
• FpThe fraction of these stars that have planets.
  
  
• NeThe number of Earth-like planets.
• FlThe fraction of Earth-like planets where life
  develops. 
  

28
Drake Equation(continued)

• FiThe fraction of life sites where intelligent
  life develops.
  
• FcThe fraction of intelligent life sites where
  communication develops.
  
• L"The "lifetime" (in years) of a communicative
  civilization.
  
• NThe number of communicative civilizations
  within the Milky Way today.
  

29
An icy object that has an elongated orbit around
the sun is referred to as a(n).

• Asteroid
• Comet
• Meteor
• Meteorite

30
Why does a meteoroid or asteroid create a streak
of light when entering the Earths atmosphere?

• Light from the sun is reflected of the surface of
  each
  
• Energy is released form the objects
• Lightning is produced form these objects
• Light is a result of friction from the gasses in
  the atmosphere

31
Review Questions

• Which planet is the largest?
• (Jupiter)
• Which planet is the smallest?
• (Mercury)
• Which planet has the most Moons?
• (Jupiter)
• Which planet has the most extensive ring system?
• (Saturn)

32
Review Questions

• Which planet has the Greenhouse Effect?
• (Venus)
• Which planet has the largest volcano in the solar
  system?
  
• (Mars)
• Which planet rotates on its side?
• (Uranus)
• Which person developed the heliocentric model of
  the solar system?
  
• (Copernicus)

33
Review Questions

• Who stated that planets orbited the sun in
  elliptical orbits?
  
• (Kepler)
• Which two factors keep planets in orbit around
  the sun?
  
• (gravity inertia)
• What is the largest moon in our solar system?
• (Ganymede)
• Which moon has volcanic activity?
• (Io)

34
Review Questions

• What part of the sun produces light?
• (photosphere)
• What are the cooler dark areas on the suns
  surface called?
  
• (sunspots)
• What do we call the large chunks of ice orbiting
  the sun in the Oort Cloud?
  
• (comets)
• What is found between Mars Jupiter?
• (asteroids)

35
Review Questions

• What are shooting stars?
• (meteors)
• What do you call a meteor before it enters
  earths atmosphere?
  
• (meteoroids)
• What do you call a meteor after it enters earths
  atmosphere?
  
• (meteorites)
• What is the outer-most atmosphere of the sun?
• (corona)

36
Review Questions

• What layer of the sun produces color?
• (chromosphere)
• What is the center of the sun called?
• (core)
• How many planets have been identified in our
  solar system?
  
• (8)
• What do we call explosions on the surface of the
  sun?
  
• (solar flares)

37
Review Questions

• What do we call extensions of burning gases on
  the sun?
  
• (prominences)
• Which planet is red because of the iron oxides on
  the surface?
  
• (Mars)
• What is the most abundant gas found in our solar
  system?
  
• (hydrogen)
• Who developed the first telescope?
• (Galileo)

38
Review Questions

• Who calculated the positions of planetary orbits?
  
  
• (Brahe)
• Who developed the geocentric model of the solar
  system?
  
• (Ptolemy or Aristotle)
• Which planet is the most heavily cratered and has
  a very thin atmosphere?
  
• (Mercury)
• Which of the outer planets is not a gas giant?
• (Pluto)

39
Review Questions

• List the order of the planets from the closest to
  the sun to the farthest from the sun?
  
• (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn,
  Uranus, Neptune, Pluto)
  
• Which planet has the moon Titan?
• (Saturn)
• Which planet has the moons Phobos Deimos?
• (Mars)
• Which planet has living organisms?
• (Earth)

40
Review Questions

• Which planet has the Great Red Spot?
• (Jupiter)
• Which planet had the Great Dark Spot?
• (Neptune)
• Which planet has the density less than that of
  water?
  
• (Saturn)
• Which planet has a longer day than year?
• (Venus)

41
Review Questions

• Which planet has about the same length of day as
  earth?
  
• (Mars)
• Which planet has about the same diameter as
  earth?
  
• (Venus)
• Which planet are we most likely to send a manned
  space mission to?
  
• (Mars)
• Which moon of Jupiter is most like earth?
• (Europa)
• Which two planets have no moons?
• (Mercury Venus)