Black Holes and the Evolution of Galaxies

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Black Holes and the Evolution of Galaxies
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Summary

• Quasars and Evolution the universe becomes
  interesting
• How we do it things invisible to see.
• Demographics the inverse dinosaur problem.
• M-? relation, bh mass spectrum.
• Emerging developments
• The energy budget for galaxy formation
• Extension to very low masses
• spins
• Possibility of gravitational wave observation of
  BH mergers.

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• In 1963 the universe became more interesting
• Quasars
• Evolution
• The initial conditions

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3c175
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Universe baby picture WMAP 5 year image.
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Mysterious properties of quasistellar objects

• Rapid variability minutes.
• Light travel time across inner solar system.
• Directed energy output (collimated beams of
  high-energy particles.
• Superluminal motion.
• Enormous luminosities 1011 suns.
• Objects the size of the solar system that
  outshine the galaxy.
• Quasars were populous in the youthful universe,
  but are rare now.

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Quasars and Black Holes

• Small size, large luminosity and apparent
  stability suggest that quasars are gravity
  powered.
• Ultimate gravitational engine is a bh. Some
  fraction of accreted energy is radiated (can
  greatly exceed thermonuclear energy).
• BH turns off when fuel is cut off.

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Inverse dinosaur problem

• The light radiated by quasars is proportional to
  mc2 of accreted matter.
• The mass of order m of the accreted matter.
• The density of quasars mandates a density of bh
  of about 2 x 105 solar masses/Mpc3.
• Where are the relics?

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Cavendish experiment
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M84
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Orbit Superposition (Schwarzschilds method)

• Assume a mass distribution (light BH).
• Compute the gravitational forces.
• Follow all the orbits.
• Sum the orbits to match the observed light
  distribution and velocities.
• Failure rules out the mass distribution.

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Results of 20 year effort

• Most bulges have BH (97 so far).
• BH mass tracks main-body parameters
• (L, ?).

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Gultekin et al.
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Aller Richstone
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• Bulge M/L 3x10-3 h
• Density
• - 2.5x105 Msun/Mpc-3 for h.65 (Yu
  Tremaine)
• - 4.8x105h2 Msun/Mpc-3 (Aller Richstone)
• consistent results from different datasets.
• S 2.2x105 Msun/Mpc3

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Only gas will produce the correct Soltan number

• Accreting matter
• Stars
• Degenerate objects
• Dark matter
• Gas

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Implications

• BH growth spurt during quasar era (is this the
  epoch of bulge formation?).
• What is the pedigree of BH and galaxies?
• Co-Evolution! --- feeding, bar disruption, core
  scouring, mergers --- bh growh connected to
  galaxy evolution.
• Is any of this observable?

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Thermodynamics of the protogalaxy

• QSO emits Xrays 0.1m.c2 in 108yr
• Galaxy has stars 0.01Mc2 in 1010yr
• QSO light/starlight 103 m./M 1
• bh is as important as stars in early phases of
  galaxy.
• Some fraction of BH luminosity is mechanical -
  may be sufficient to blow gas out of galaxy.

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