Security

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Security
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Myths about Business Risksin the Information Age

• Security is only about protecting things
• We dont have any information anyone would want
• Security problems have never happened here.
• Firewalls provide enough security
• Technology will solve the security problem
• The enemy is outside
• Our people wont tolerate tight security
• My PC is secure, so Im secure
• The Internet cant be used for secure
  communications

The Economist and Arthur Andersen
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SECURITY

• Deter
• Detect
• Minimize
• Investigate
• Recover

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Security Risks
Internal External
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Threats

• Disaster and breakdowns
• Access and disclosure
• Alteration or destruction
• Improper use

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RISK ASSESSMENT

• P1 Probability of attack
• P2 Probability of success
• L Cost of Loss
• Expected Loss P1 P2 L
• Minimize Threat Categories

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Security Policy

• Security is always a cost to efficiency. It must
  be promoted to be effective.
• From the top
• Before installing hardware
• Politically charged

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Writing a Security Policy

• Assess the types of risks
• Identify vulnerabilities
• Analyze user needs
• Write the policy
• Develop change procedures
• Plan implementation
• Implement

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Risk Areas

• Integrity Risk
• Access Risk
• Availability Risk
• Infrastructure Capability
• Denial of service

• Personnel Risk
• Background checks
• Segregation of duties
• Terminated employees
• Physical Access Risk
• Disaster Risk
• Disaster Recovery
• Backup/hot sites

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Integrity Risk

• Risks associated with the authorization,
  completeness and accuracy of transactions
• User interface
• Processing
• Error Processing
• Interfaces with other systems/databases
• Change Management
• Data
• Privacy
• Backup

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Access Risk

• Risks associated with inappropriate access to
  systems or data
• Identification, authentication and nonrepudiation
• What you know, what you have, what you are
• Encryption (algorithm and key)
• Secret key, private/public key
• smart cards, hardware tokens
• Digital Signature (hashing and public key
  encrypt with private key, send with private key,
  and then decode with public key)
• Certification authority and digital certificates
• Security Protocols
• Firewalls and Guards

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Elements of Risk
Asset
Threat
Access
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Administrative ControlsLimit the Threat

• Standards, rules, procedures and discipline to
  assure that personnel abide by established
  policies. Includes segregation of functions.

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Administrative Controls

• Security organization
• Audits
• Risk assessment
• Administrative standards and procedures

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Protecting the Assets

• Resource management
• Disaster recovery
• System segregation

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Resource Management

• Backup planning
• Job scheduling
• Redundant design
• Selective decoupling

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Disaster Management

• Redundancy and fault tolerant systems
• Backups and off site storage
• Hot and cold sites
• Planning and procedures

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Elements of Risk
Asset
Threat
Access
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Access Control

• Human environment
• Policies and procedures
• Technological solutions

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Vulnerabilities

• Servers
• Securing operating systems and applications
• Networks
• Access protection from snooping, attacks,
  spoofing
• Clients and modems
• User verification for PCAnywhere etc.
• Viruses

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Operating Systems

• UNIX
• Novell Netware
• Windows and Windows NT

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Secure Operating Systems

• U.S. Government Certification
• A1, B1, B2, B3, C1, C2 (most commercial systems),
  D
• Ease of use
• CERT (Computer Emergency Response Team)
  www.cert.org

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Top 12 SecurityRisks

• 1. Hosts run unnecessary services
• 3. Information leakage through network service
  programs
• 4. Misuse of trusted access
• 5. Misconfigured firewall access lists
• 7. Misconfigured web servers
• 10.Inadequate logging, monitoring or detecting

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Top 12 Security Risks

• 2. Unpatched, outdated or default configured
  software
• 6. Weak Passwords
• 8.Improperly exported file sharing services
• 9. Misconfigured or unpatched Windows NT servers
• 11.Unsecured remote access
• 12.Lack of comprehensive policies and standards

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Tools

• Firewalls
• Network partitioning and routers
• Encryption
• Testing tools
• Consultants

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Firewall functions

• Packet Filter Blocks traffic based on IP
  address and/or port numbers.
• Proxy Server Serves as a relay between two
  networks, breaking the connection between the
  two.
• Network Address Translation (NAT) Hides the IP
  addresses of client stations in an internal
  network by presenting one IP address to the
  outside world.
• Stateful Inspection Tracks the transaction in
  order to verify that the destination of an
  inbound packet matches the source of a previous
  outbound request. Generally can examine multiple
  layers of the protocol stack.

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Firewall Operation
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Firewall Operation

• 1. A router sits between two
• networks
• 2. A programmer writes an access control list,
  which contains IP addresses that can be allowed
  onto the network.
• 3. A message gets sent to the router. It checks
  the address against the access control list. If
  address the is on the list, it can go through.
• 4. If the address isn't on the list, the message
  is denied access to the network.

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Encryption

• Keys and key length
• Public key/private key
• Processing problems
• Location
• Application
• Network
• Firewall
• Link

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Encryption Techniques
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How Public Encryption Works

• 1. Sue wants to send a message to Sam, so she
  finds his public key in a directory.
• 2. Sue uses the public key to encrypt the message
  and send it to Sam.
• 3. When the encrypted message arrives, Sam uses
  his private key to decrypt the data and read
  Sue's message.

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Encryption at the Firewall
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Authentication

• Passwords
• Credit cards
• Biometrics
• Isolation
• Remote location verification

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Biometrics how it works

• Users "enroll" by having their fingerprints,
  irises, faces, signatures or voice prints
  scanned.
• Key features are extracted and converted to
  unique templates, which are stored as encrypted
  numerical data.
• Corresponding features presented by a would-be
  user are compared to the templates in the
  database.
• Matches will rarely be perfect, and the owners of
  the system can vary a sensitivity threshhold so
  as to minimize either the rate of false
  rejections, which annoy users, or false
  acceptances, which jeopardize security. This
  offers far more flexibility than the binary "Yes"
  or "No" answers given by password technologies.

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Common biometric techniques and how they rate
International Biometric Group, New York as
reported in Computerworld, Quick Study
Biometrics, 10/12/98
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Security
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Common Saboteurs Tools

• Trojan Horse
• Salami Techniques
• Back Door/Trap Door
• Time Bomb/Logic Bomb
• Masquerade
• Piggybacking
• Scavenging
• Viruses
• Data Manipulations

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Security Protocols

• S-HTTP secures web transactions
• SSL secures data packets at the network layer
• S/MIME secures email attachments
• S/WANN point-to-point encryption between
  firewalls and routers
• SET secures credit card transactions