intelligence

1
intelligence
what is it?

• a hypothetical construct
• psychological attribute describing general
  cognitive aptitude
• used for?
• assessing attributes in people
• distinguishing levels of ability
• selecting people based on certain criteria
• more likely to stand their ground in the face of
  opposition
• types of tests
• mental tests
• achievement tests
• personality tests
• neuropsychological tests
• aptitude tests
• purpose
• objective yardstick to assess an individual
  difference psychological trait

2
intelligence
evaluating mental tests

• how do we know that mental tests are objective
• reliability
• the consistency with which it measures what it
  measures
• test-retest reliability/alternate forms
• validity
• extent to which it measures what it is intended
  to measure
• which of these two characteristics is most
  important?
• reliability
• validity
• types of validity
• predictive validity
• construct validity
• standardization
• utility

3
intelligence
defining intelligence

• precise definition versus broad and inclusive
• appropriate validity criteria
• tests of intelligence
• binet
• assess intellectual level of children
  distinguish the disabled
• intelligence general attribute
• broad based test variety of areas and levels of
  difficulty
• composite score with some predictive validity
• intelligence develops with age till maturity
• assess child's mental age
• IQ MA/CA100

4
intelligence
measuring intelligence

• binet
• assess child's mental age
• mental age absolute level of cognitive
  functioning
• now account for chronological age via
• IQ MA/CA100
• problems
• MA development slows down around age 16
• compare
• 8 year old versus 12 year old
• 30 year old versus 45 year old
• also scores on some mental tests may decrease
  with age
• tests of intelligence today
• a deviation score not really an IQ (no
  quotient)
• average of 100 sd of 15

5
intelligence
measuring intelligence

• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales (WAIS, WISC)
• verbal score
• comprehension
• what does a stitch in time saves nine mean?
• vocabulary
• what does archaeology mean?
• information
• what are 6 New England states
• similarities
• in what ways are an ostrich and a penguin alike?
• arithmetic
• if a train leaves one station traveling at .
• digit span
• repeat these numbers backward 9, 1, 8, 3, 6, 7,
  5

6
intelligence
measuring intelligence

• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales (WAIS, WISC)
• performance score
• object assembly
• combine puzzle pieces to form a particular
  common object
• block design
• use patterned blocks to replicate a particular
  design
• picture completion
• tell what is missing from each picture
• picture arrangement
• arrange cartoon like pictures to tell a coherent
  story
• digit symbol
• given a key matching symbols to particular
  numerals, copy a sequence of symbols,
  transcribing them from symbols to numerals

7
intelligence
intelligence and age

• intelligence in infants
• Bayley scales of infant development
• assesses behavior in the first year
• sensorimotor focus
• fair measure of early developmental rates/trends
• as predictor of later intelligence
• 0 18 months little predictive value
• 18 months up reasonable r
• Nature of intelligence
• pre versus post 18 months
• discontinuous development versus poor
  measurement
• recent research infants do vary in intellectual
  abilities
• Bayley measure of senorimotor development not
  intellectual
• habituation to novel stimuli moderately r with
  later IQ

8
intelligence
intelligence and age
intelligence in later life
sharp increase between ages of 10 and 20
followed by an accelerating decline
Tests for verbal memory, reasoning, and
educational aptitude continue to rise until age
50 then decline somewhat
9
intelligence
intelligence and age

• fluid versus crystallized intelligence
• fluid intelligence
• ability to deal with essentially new problems
• example what number comes next
• 3, 8, 12, 15, 17, ?
• requires speed, fluency, and flexibility
• crystallized intelligence
• repertoire of information/cognitive
  skills/strategies acquired via
• the application of fluid intelligence in various
  fields
• example tests of vocabulary or computations
• fluid intelligence declines with age beginning
  in middle adulthood
• crystallized intelligence does not can
  continue to grow
• nature of environment
• can make up for loss of fluid intelligence
  (stores, managing info)

10
intelligence
theories of the nature of intelligence

• psychometric models
• intelligence seen as a map of the mind
• measuring intelligence basically a mapping
  procedure
• used factor analysis
• infer existence of hypothetical constructs
  underlying responses
• issues that have arisen
• unitary construct?

11
intelligence
psychometric perspective
spearman examined the pattern of r between the
different tests of mental abilities
info comp arith vocab info 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 comp 1.00 1.00 1.00 arith
1.00 1.00 vocab 1.00
info test
comp test
arith test
vocab test
12
intelligence
psychometric perspective
spearman examined the pattern of r between the
different tests of mental abilities
info comp arith vocab info 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 comp 1.00 1.00 1.00 arith
1.00 1.00 vocab 1.00
info test
comp test
g
arith test
vocab test
13
intelligence
psychometric perspective
spearman examined the pattern of r between the
different tests of mental abilities
info comp arith vocab info 1.00 .70 .66
.81 comp 1.00 .49 .73 arith
1.00 .59 vocab 1.00
info test
comp test
arith test
vocab test
14
intelligence
psychometric perspective
spearman examined the pattern of r between the
different tests of mental abilities
info comp arith vocab info 1.00 .70 .66
.81 comp 1.00 .49 .73 arith
1.00 .59 vocab 1.00
i
info test
c
comp test
a
arith test
v
vocab test
15
intelligence
psychometric perspective
spearman examined the pattern of r between the
different tests of mental abilities
info comp arith vocab info 1.00 .70 .66
.81 comp 1.00 .49 .73 arith
1.00 .59 vocab 1.00
i
info test
c
comp test
g
a
arith test
v
vocab test
16
intelligence
psychometric perspective
spearman monarchic theory
group factor theories oligarchic theory
i
info test
i
info test
c
comp test
c
comp test
g
a
a
arith test
arith test
v
v
vocab test
vocab test
17
intelligence
beyond IQ

• definition of intelligence?
• aspects of intelligence may be ignored
• common sense
• social skills
• practical intelligence
• non-academic intelligence
• specific to particular domains
• example business
• understanding/managing people in business
• executives rated the most important skills - not
  IQ
• emotional intelligence (goleman)
• never explicitly taught

18
intelligence
beyond IQ

• multiple intelligence (gardner)
• several essential mental capacities
• linguistic
• logical-mathematical
• spatial
• musical
• bodily-kinesthetic
• personal intelligence
• empirical support
• brain lesion studies
• retarded-savants